Self-sensitization Structure of Expanded Ammonium Nitrate and Its Effect on ANFO Detonation Properties

The expanded ammonium nitrate （EAN） samples with different states were prepared by using a vacuum crys- tallizing technology. The structure characters, such as porosity, pore structure, specific surface area, particle surface shape and surface defects, and detonator initiation sensitivity and explosion power, of common ammonium nitrate （AN） and EAN were tested using density measuring, N2 adsorbing, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and plate trace test methods. The tested results show that the particle surface of common AN is smoother, denser, lower porosity and specific surface area than those tested of EAN. The particle surface of EAN is irregular, which has edges, protuberance and severely distorted crystal form, and its specific surface area and porosity are larger than those of un-expanded AN. EAN has typical self-sensitization structure characters. The detonator initiation sensitivity and explosion power of ammonium nitrate-fueloil（ANFO） made of different states of EAN are related to the self-sensitization structures of EAN, and expanded ANFO sample has higher detonator initiation sensitivity and explosion power compared with un-expanded ANFO sample. The characterization techniques can be used to reveal the self-sensitization structure of EAN.     

某些表面活性剂在硝酸铵水溶液中的表面行为研究

测定并比较了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）,非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯（ＴＷ－８０）及其混和物（摩尔比１：１）在硝酸铵饱和水溶液中的表面活性参数;计算了表面活性剂在硝酸铵饱和溶液中的饱和吸附量以及混合表面活性剂分子间的作用参数。     

油田内源硝酸盐还原菌抑制SRB效果评价分析

油田开发进入中高含水期,硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)腐蚀成为影响油田生产的重要原因之一。由于传统化学法和物理法治理存在成本高、二次污染等弊端,利用细菌竞争共生原则进行腐蚀治理的生物法逐渐受到关注。通过对江苏油田筛选的1株内源硝酸盐细菌N411进行抑制SRB的效果评价分析,该菌株在理想的SRB营养条件和最高的活性状态,且抑制体系使用体积浓度2%情况下,3d就可以将SRB产硫化氢活性抑制94%以上,7d抑制率达98%以上。     

Detonation properties of ammonium nitrate/nitramine-based composite propellants

ABSTRACT

Ammonium nitrate (AN) propellants have attracted attention because of their low cost and ecofriendliness despite certain major disadvantages such as low burning rate, poor ignitability, low energy, and volume change due to phase transition of AN. The addition of nitramine to AN propellants is one of the approaches to overcome these disadvantages. However, AN/nitramine propellants are characterized by easy initiation, high sensitivity, and high detonation velocity because of the high energy of nitramine. The detonation properties of AN/nitramine propellants were investigated in this study. It was observed that the AN/nitramine propellant required a booster to detonate the propellants, as detonation did not occur while using only a commercial electric blasting cap. It was further observed that the detonation velocity (D) increased linearly as the mass of nitramine per unit propellant volume was increased, and AN had a negligible effect on the detonation properties. An approximate equation was derived from the relationship between D and the mass per unit propellant volume of nitramine. The dominant factors that can be used to estimate the detonation/no-detonation boundaries of the propellants were identified, and the experimental boundary equations were determined using these factors.     

4,5-二硝基咪唑的制备

以咪唑为原料,混酸为硝化剂,通氮气条件下,采用正加法、二次加料的方式:先滴加混酸(发烟硫酸20%和硝酸98%),硝化硫酸咪唑盐;再在反应液中滴加硝酸98%反应,合成出4,5-二硝基咪唑。对第二次反应所用的硝酸(98%)量、反应温度和反应时间进行了试验,得到了较佳的实验条件:第二次硝酸滴加量为1.6 mol(咪唑为1 mol),反应温度为90~95℃,反应时间为5~5.5 h。     

硝酸铯热分解性能研究

本文在TG-DTA分析的基础上,研究了硝酸铯的热分解特性,并且利用化学平衡计算软件CEA对硝酸铯在不同温度下热分解产生的自由电子密度和热分解需要的能量进行了计算,为利用硝酸铯作为增电子材料使用提供了理论依据.     

ADN/GUDN 双氧化剂对NEPE 固体推进剂燃烧性能的影响（英）

设计并制备了含N?脒基脲二硝酰胺盐（GUDN）和二硝酰胺铵（ADN）的硝酸酯增塑聚醚（ NEPE）固体推进剂样品,测试了推进剂的燃烧性能（燃速和压强指数）、燃烧火焰结构和燃烧波温度分布,并与不含GUDN和ADN的推进剂性能进行对比。结果表明,GUDN/ADN 双氧化剂对NEPE推进剂的燃烧性能有明显的影响,推进剂配方中添加ADN可提高推进剂的燃速和压强指数,含15%、20%和22.5%的ADN替换高氯酸铵（AP）可使推进剂在7.0MPa 下的燃速提高25.30%、36.76%和47.69%,GUDN使推进剂在7.0MPa下的燃速降低18.97% ,而压强指数在1~15MPa提高12.04%,而且在不同压力下含双氧化剂的NEPE推进剂的燃烧火焰结构呈多火焰结构,而且火焰的亮度随着压强的增大而变亮。     

田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法的研究与应用前景

对田间土壤硝态氮(NO3N)快速测定方法的研究,包括土壤水分快速测定方法、快速提取技术(经济、易于获得的提取剂和简易、快捷的提取方法)、温度校正系数以及合理使用试纸反射仪的研究。大量的试验结果表明,田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法所得的土壤硝态氮含量与实验室标准方法所得结果有着良好的线性相关关系。本研究所提出的田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法具有经济、操作简单、便于农民掌握等特点。目前中国存在着施肥不合理的现象,亟须简易可靠的田间测土技术,因此,田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法在中国将有着广阔的应用前景。     

离子色谱法同时测定海产品中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐

建立超声辅助提取离子色谱法测定海产品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐（包括正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐和三偏磷酸盐）含量的方法,对样品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐的稳定性进行研究,并采用该法对典型海产品中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐含量进行测定。结果表明：采用亲水性阴离子交换分离柱,KOH溶液为淋洗液作梯度淋洗,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐的线性相关系数在0.998 1～0.999 8之间,回收率为79.2%～93.6%,相对标准偏差小于8.2%。经处理后的样品中,焦磷酸盐、三聚磷酸盐和三偏磷酸盐的总量在14 h内保持稳定。利用该法对东海地区典型海产品中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐进行了测定,结果显示不同品种的海产品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和多聚磷酸盐含量分布有较大差异,除其中一份虾制品中多聚磷酸盐含量超过5 g/kg外,其余均符合国家限量标准。     

食品中硝酸盐酶法快速检测试纸条的设计与应用

目的:对食品中硝酸盐酶法快速检测试纸条进行了设计并应用于几种蔬菜进行验证。方法:用2.0%的N-1-萘基乙二胺二盐酸、3.0%的对氨基苯磺酸和6.0%酒石酸溶液按体积1:1:1混合作为显色剂,利用定量滤纸为试纸条载体和硝酸盐还原酶为还原剂制作了酶法快速检测试纸条并与国家标准法对比检测了几种蔬菜中硝酸盐含量。结果:利用显色剂和硝酸盐还原酶还原剂与硝酸盐发生的显色反应可以实现对硝酸盐的快速检测。结论:该试纸条能够比较快速(1min)地对食品中的硝酸盐进行检测且准确度高、灵敏度高、体积小、成本低廉,开发潜力巨大。