附着生长系统中短程反硝化试验研究

结合现有的关于短程反硝化的理论,通过膜法A/O工艺试验,探讨了在附着生长系统中实现短程反硝化的可能性。     

Characteristics of and selection criteria for support materials for cell immobilization in wastewater treatment

For treatment of wastewater with immobilized cells, support materials need to meet the following criteria: insoluble, not biodegradable, high mechanical stability, high diffusivity, simple immobilization procedure, high biomass retention, minimal attachment of other organisms and preferably a low cost price. In order to compare which support materials are the most suitable, characteristics of several natural and synthetic materials have been determined. For this, both literature and experimental data were used. The immobilization procedures of natural gel materials, like alginate and carrageenan, are mild and cells grow well in these supports. Furthermore, the effective diffusion coefficients of substrates are close to those in water. These supports, however, appeared to be soluble, biodegradable and liable to abrasion. Synthetic gels, on the contrary, have better mechanical properties, but mostly lower substrate diffusion coefficients. Immobilization conditions are less mild resulting in low biomass retention. For application of entrapped nitrifying cells in wastewater-treatment systems synthetic gels, however, are promising.     

Rising sludge in secondary settlers due to denitrification

High suspended solids concentrations in settler effluents can be caused by rising sludge, which is the effect of flotation of solids by nitrogen gas resulting from biological denitrification. Many factors influence the nitrogen gas bubble evolution. The most important factor is the rate of biological denitrification. Factors like nitrogen gas solubility and oxygen concentration in settler influent only play a minor role. The hydraulic retention time in the bottom part of the settler is, for all practical purposes, so high that sufficient nitrogen gas will be generated at temperatures above 20°C, if the nitrate content in the influent to the settler is above the critical one. For temperatures around 20°C the critical nitrate-nitrogen concentration is 6–8 g NO₃⁻-N/m³. The best measure in order to avoid rising sludge is to denitrify the wastewater in the treatment process ahead of the settler.     

MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS AND CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR TREATMENT OF RENDERING PLANT WASTEWATER

The performance of a novel industrial membrane bioreactor (MBR) comprising denitrification, nitrification and ultrafiltration for the secondary treatment of primary treated animal rendering wastewater has been compared with an experimental, low-cost and novel vertical-flow constructed wetland planted with Typha latifolia L. (Reedmace or Broad-leaved Cattail). The process wastewater followed pre-treatment by dissolved air flotation (DAF). The mean DAF effluent gave highly variable chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia concentrations of 5816 (standard deviation (SD): 3005.0) and 614 (SD: 268.7) mg/l, respectively. The mean MBR effluent for COD and ammonia was 37 and 86 mg/l, respectively. The mean treatment performance of the constructed wetland for COD, ammonia and suspended solids was 205, 67 and 57 mg/l, respectively.     

Evaluation of the impact of bioaugmentation and biostimulation by in situ hybridization and microelectrode

Three rotating disk biofilm reactors were operated to evaluate whether bioaugmentation and biostimulation can be used to improve the start-up of microbial nitrification. The first reactor was bioaugmented during start-up period with an enrichment culture of nitrifying bacteria, the second reactor received a synthetic medium containing NH(4)(+) and NO(2)(-) to facilitate concomitant proliferation of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and the third reactor was used as a control. To evaluate the effectiveness of bioaugmentation and biostimulation approaches, time-dependent developments of nitrifying bacterial community and in situ nitrifying activity in biofilms were monitored by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique and microelectrode measurements of NH(4)(+), NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), and O(2). In situ hybridization results revealed that addition of the enrichment culture of nitrifying bacteria significantly facilitated development of dense nitrifying bacterial populations in the biofilm shortly after, which led to a rapid start-up and enhancement of in situ nitrification activity. The inoculated bacteria could proliferate and/or survive in the biofilm. In addition, the addition of nitrifying bacteria increased the abundance of nitrifying bacteria in the surface of the biofilm, resulting in the higher nitrification rate. On the other hand, the addition of 2.1mM NO(2)(-) did not stimulate the growth of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and did inhibit the proliferation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria instead. Thus, the start-up of NO(2)(-) oxidation was unchanged, and the start-up of NH(4)(+) oxidation was delayed. In all the three biofilm reactors, data sets of time series analyses on population dynamics of nitrifying bacteria determined by FISH, in situ nitrifying activities determined by microelectrode measurements, and the reactor performances revealed an approximate agreement between the appearance of nitrifying bacteria and the initiation of nitrification activity, suggesting that the combination of these techniques was a very powerful monitoring tool to evaluate the effectiveness of bioaugmentation and biostimulation strategies.     

Upgrading the Activated-Sludge Process for Total Nitrogen Removal in Hong Kong

In order to protect the sensitive waters in Tolo harbour (Hong Kong), Sha Tin and Tai Po sewage-treatment works were first designed to remove 70% of the nitrogen load from the sewage. Since then, due to continuing serious eutrophication problems in the harbour, both plants have been modified to increase the removal efficiency to 90%.
The modifications were based on the Bardenpho process. However, the designers of the two plants adopted different approaches to process intensity, complexity and control of bacterial foam. At Sha Tin, the average monthly results have shown an increase of total nitrogen removal from 60–70% to about 80% since its completion. The addition of methanol was found to be ineffective on further enhancement of the denitrification rate due to difficulties in the apportioning of the second anoxic zone. The overall monthly results for Tai Po have also shown an increase in the removal rate to about 80%, even though 90% was achieved for a short period of time. The major problem encountered at the latter plant was that the process design did not provide an effective control on bacterial foaming, which had affected the smooth operation of the process.     

分点进水脱氮除磷新工艺的理论基础和实践

根据非线性生物反应动力学理论,提出了促进聚磷菌、硝化菌等弱势菌群繁殖的生态优势硝化反硝化（Ecological Superior Nitrification Denitrification,ECOSUNIDE）活性污泥新工艺,并在4座污水处理厂应用。结果表明,在未增加任何池体、动力负荷仍按二级污水处理厂设置的情况下,出水COD〈50mg/L、BOD5〈10mg/L、氨氮〈3mg/L,均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）的一级A标准,其他指标也均达到了一级B标准。     

好氧颗粒污泥活性恢复的试验研究

针对污水处理过程中常因意外事故而需停运这一现象,对停运闲置后的好氧颗粒污泥进行了恢复活性的试验研究。结果表明,经过长达1个多月的停运闲置后好氧颗粒污泥的外部特征仍基本保持完好,但在整个恢复期间,其物理特征变化较大;经过1—2周的恢复性培养,好氧颗粒污泥对有机物的降解速率、硝化速率和反硝化速率基本恢复正常;而且在完全好氧的条件下,好氧颗粒污泥系统不仅能够保证对有机物的良好去除效果,同时还实现了同步脱氮除磷。     

在悬浮填料床工艺中对硝化实施自动控制的研究

在分析悬浮填料床硝化反应机理的基础上,为悬浮填料床中试装置设计、配备了自动控制系统,通过在线检测溶解氧和氨氮浓度来实现对硝化反应过程的实时控制。中试结果表明,控制系统运行稳定、反应灵活,处理出水中的氨氮浓度保持稳定,并达到了控制要求。此外,该自动控制系统还优化了曝气过程,使曝气量减少了约20％,降低了运行成本。     

Combined aerobic heterotrophic oxidation, nitrification and denitrification in a permeable-support biofilm

A biofilm reactor, termed the permeable-support biofilm (PSB), was developed in which oxygen was supplied to the interior of the biofilm through a permeable membrane. The reactor was tested on filtered sewage supplemented with nutrient broth; the bulk solution was anoxic and the interior of the biofilm was supplied with pure oxygen. All tests were performed on a non-steady state biofilm with a depth of 1 mm. Mass balances on total organic carbon, ammonia, organic nitrogen and nitrate showed that combined heterotrophic oxidation of organics, denitrification and nitrification occurred simultaneously within the biofilm. The advantages of such a reactor are discussed.