SBR法短程硝化过程的氮平衡分析

采用SBR工艺处理生活污水,考察了短程硝化过程中可能存在的氮转化途径。结果表明,短程硝化过程中有52.6%的氨氮以非亚硝化的形式离开了反应系统,即存在52.6%的氮损失。其中,生成中间产物N2O、微生物合成作用以及同步硝化反硝化作用引起的氮损失分别占整体氮损失的15.5%、13.5%和71%。游离氨吹脱不是造成试验系统氮损失的原因。微生物种类、进水水质、环境条件和操作条件是影响氮转化途径的主要因素。     

冬季活性炭层上微生物的硝化性能研究

为解析工艺运行过程中氨氧化能力和硝化能力变化的原因,研究了冬季活性炭层上微生物的硝化性能。结果表明,在冬季,当有机碳浓度不高、溶解氧充足时,活性炭层对氨氮的去除率达到34%,0.3、0.8、1.3、1.6 m处(自上而下)的炭层对氨氮的平均去除率分别为5.2%、8.3%、11.5%、8.8%。不同活性炭层上的生物量差别不是太大,均值为17.1×108个E.coli/g活性炭。亚硝化菌、硝化菌占细菌总数的比例较大,已成为优势种群。     

生物陶粒MBBR同步硝化反硝化脱氮试验研究

利用生物陶粒作为移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的填料,通过试验考察了MBBR发生同步硝化反硝化(SND)的可能性。分析了溶解氧和碳氮质量比对SND的影响。试验结果表明:MBBR具有良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力。溶解氧的质量浓度在3 mg/L左右时,不仅能够满足硝化作用的需要而且又不严重抑制反硝化作用,NH3-N去除率达到81.45%的同时TN去除率为60.35%;进水碳氮质量比在10左右时,NH3-N、TN去除率分别为81.65%、63.60%。     

Submerged Biotower Technology for Tertiary Nitrification of Poultry Abattoir Wastewater

The paper describes the design and operation of a submerged biotower, i.e. flooded upflow reactor which utilises a random-packed polypropylene medium for supporting the biomass. The process can be used for carbonaceous removal or nitrification. In the application which is described, the process has been used for tertiary nitrification of a poultry abattoir wastewater as an extension to the existing effluent-treatment plant. Details of process commissioning at low temperatures are given and results from twelve months'operation are discussed. Operating costs are compared with other processes.     

pH-decrease in nitrifying biofilms

Nitrification is an acidity producing process. It has been shown theoretically that the diffusional resistance to the transport in the biofilm of the inorganic carbon species as affected by the acidity production in a nitrifying biofilm gives rise to a decreased pH in the interior of the biofilm. These theoretical results have been verified on biofilms developed on the surfaces of a rotating drum under well controlled laboratory conditions. The results show clearly the drop in pH as predicted by theory. The phenomenon can give rise to unexpected effects on the performance of nitrifying biofilms, when most of the bacteria work under a much lower pH than the pH measured in the bulk water.     

Enrichment of Anammox biomass from municipal activated sludge: experimental and modelling results

Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidising (Anammox) biomass was enriched from sludge collected at a municipal wastewater treatment plant, employing a Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR). After 60 days Anammox activity started to be detected, by consumption of stoichiometric amounts of NO₂^? and NH₄⁺ in the system. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation analysis confirmed the increase of Anammox bacteria concentration with time. A final concentration of enriched biomass of 3–3.5 gVSS dm^?3 was obtained, showing a Specific Anammox Activity of 0.18 gNH₄⁺‐N gVSS^?1 d^?1 The reactor was able to treat nitrogen loading rates of up to 1.4 kgN m^?3 d^?1, achieving a removal efficiency of 82 %. On the other hand, the start‐up and operation of the Anammox SBR reactor were consequentially modelled with the Activated Sludge Model nr 1, extended for Anammox. The simulations predicted quite well the experimental data in relation to the concentrations of nitrogenous compounds and can be used to estimate the evolution of Anammox and heterotrophic biomass in the reactor. These simulations reveal that heterotrophs still remain in the system after the start‐up of the reactor and can protect the Anammox microorganisms from a negative effect of the oxygen. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Turnover of15N ammonium sulfate with dicyandiamide under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions

The influence of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on the turnover of¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulfate (AS) was investigated in two soils under aerobic and waterlogged conditions. Nitrification of ammonium sulfate was markedly inhibited by addition of DCD in both soils. Up to 45% of the supplied N was transformed into a non-extractable N form, which only slowly released nitrogen over 147 or 264 days. This immobilization was higher in the presence of DCD than without DCD. In all aerobic experiments, the recovery was 100% ± max. 2.4%, indicating that no gaseous losses of N occurred.If aerobic preincubation of 28 or 42 days was followed by water-logging with H₂O or a solution of glucose, considerable N losses occurred only in presence of the carbohydrate. DCD retarded nitrification and thus reduced losses by denitrification from 61 to 15%.DCD application resulted in an increased immobilization of labelled N into the non-exchangeable soil N fraction. This amounted to more than 50% of the applied N, compared to 39% without DCD.The late Dr. Klaus Vilsmeier, a very dedicated and talented young scientist, died before he was able to finish completely the revised version of this article. We will always keep him in our minds and kindly remember his kind personality as well as his sense of humour and justice. Prof. Dr. Heiner Goldbach on behalf of all members of the department.     

Influence of wastewater treatment on sludge production and processing

The challenge of stricter wastewater standards is resulting in configuration changes to wastewater treatment. As facilities upgrade, the type of sludge produced is changing, with growing quantities of secondary and chemical sludge at the expense of primary sludge. It is already understood that secondary sludge is harder to treat than its primary equivalent; therefore, increasing the quantity of this type of sludge will have detrimental impacts downstream. As legislation tightens further, extended aeration times may be required during processing to remove more nutrients. Work has shown that extended aeration further exacerbates the treatability of secondary sludge. This paper explains how tightening wastewater legislation fundamentally alters the nature of the sludge produced, and how these alterations impact further processing, especially with respect to sludge production and type; sludge energy content; performance of anaerobic digestion and dewatering, and potential for thermal energy recovery.     

Selective inhibition of nitrite oxidation by chlorate dosing in aerobic granules

Partial nitrification was successfully achieved with addition of 5mM KClO(3) in the aerobic granules system. Batch tests demonstrated that KClO(3) selectively inhibited nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) but not ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). During stable partial nitrification, the influent pH was kept at 7.8-8.2, while the DO and temperature were not controlled in the SBR. When the NH(4)-N and COD levels were kept at 100mg/l and 400mg/l in the influent, the NH(4)-N and COD removal efficiencies reached 98.93% and 78.65%, respectively. The NO(2)-N accounted for 92.95% of the NO(χ)-N (NO(2)-N+NO(3)-N) in the effluent. Furthermore, about 90% of the chlorate was reduced to nontoxic chloride, thus it would not cause environmental problem. SEM showed that the main composition of the aerobic granules was bacilli and coccus bacteria. FISH analysis revealed that AOB became the dominant nitrifying bacteria, whereas NOB were detected only in low abundance. Chlorate could be used to control the development and maintenance of aerobic granules sludge for partial nitrification.     

Modeling the decay of ammonium oxidizing bacteria

A bench-scale sequencing batch reactor was used to study factors affecting the endogenous decay of the ammonium oxidizing biomass (AOB) in different operating conditions. AOB decay was very sensitive to oxygen concentration, and increased up to 0.4 d⁻¹ for oxygen concentration of 7 mg O₂ L⁻¹. The decay in anaerobic conditions was shown to be very low (0.03 d⁻¹) when compared to literature data.The effect of nitrite and nitrate on AOB decay was also studied. The correlation was quite weak suggesting that both nitrate and nitrite absence had little impact on decay which is contrary to what is typically assumed in some of the existing process models. A simple expression for the decay of AOB was proposed, calibrated and validated using the results of batch kinetic tests and of the continuous sequencing batch reactor monitoring.