给水泵效率在线监测方法的探讨

根据热力学原理，只需测出泵进、出口的温度和压力即可求得泵的效率，这种方法实质上是测定泵内的损失，所以测量精度比常规方法高。给出了给水泵效率测定适用的拟合公式，不需查表，即可得出泵的计算效率。对比分析了此方法应用于亚临界、超临界机组给水泵的情况，得出：受温度测量精度的限制，这一方法更适合于超临界机组给水泵。     

A new method to optimise finite dimensions thermodynamic models: application to an irreversible Stirling engine

Different economical configurations, due for instance to the relative cost of the fuel they consume, can push a heat engine into operating whether at maximum efficiency or at maximum power produced. Any relevant design of such a system hence needs to be based, at least partly, on the knowledge of its specific ‘power vs. efficiency’ characteristic curve. However, even when a simple model is used to describe the engine, obtained, for example, thanks to finite dimensions thermodynamics, such a characteristic curve is often difficult to obtain and takes an explicit form only for the simplest of these models. When more realistic models are considered, including complex internal subsystems or processes, an explicit expression for this curve is practically impossible to obtain. In this paper, we propose to use Graham's scan algorithm in order to directly obtain the power vs. efficiency curve of a realistic Stirling engine model, which includes heat leakage, regenerator effectiveness, as well as internal and external irreversibilities. Coupled with an adapted optimisation routine, this approach allows to design and optimise simple or complex heat engine models. Such a method can then be useful during the practical design task of any thermal power converter, almost regardless of its own internal complexity.     

高分子合金膜体系的相容性

高分子膜材料的合金化是最为简便有效的膜材料改性方法,不同聚合物之间的相容性是决定高分子合金膜物理性质的关键因素.文章讨论了涉及高分子合金膜体系相容性的几个主要热力学基础问题,包括两组分聚合物相容性的相图分析、高分子共混物在相转化过程中发生相分离的热力学、相分离的临界条件、高分子合金体系相容性的理论预测.     

卡诺定理的证明

介绍了普通物理热学中卡诺定理的三种证明方法并加以比较,其中给出利用克劳修斯不等式证明的新方法,简便、易懂.     

An integrated model for adsorption-induced strain in microporous solids

Deformation of porous materials during adsorption of gases, driven by physico- or chemo-mechanical couplings, is an experimentally observed phenomenon of importance to adsorption science and engineering. Experiments show that microporous adsorbents exhibit compression and dilation at different stages of the adsorption process. A new integrated model based on the thermodynamics of porous continua (assumed to be linear, isotropic and poroelastic) and statistical thermodynamics is developed to calculate the adsorption-induced strain in a microporous adsorbent. A relationship between the strain induced in the adsorbent and the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the adsorbed gas is established. Experimental data of CO₂ adsorption-induced strain in microporous activated carbon adsorbents (Yakovlev, V.Y., Fomkin, A.A., Tvardovskii, A.V., Sinitsyn, V.A., 2005. Carbon dioxide adsorption on the microporous ACC carbon adsorbent. Russian Chemical Bulletin, International Edition 54, 1373-1377) is used to fit the model parameters and to validate the model. Assuming that the initial contraction in a microporous adsorbent is caused due to an attractive interaction between the adsorbed gas and the adsorbent, we demonstrate that there also exists a repulsive interaction amongst the adsorbed gas molecules and that this repulsive interaction can be correlated to the adsorption-induced strain. The proposed correlation can be extended to take into account the adsorbate-adsorbent attractive interaction in order to offer an undisputed and complete explanation of the adsorption-induced strain in microporous adsorbents.     

采用相场法研究多相粉末的烧结过程（英文）

针对多相粉末体系,建立描述其烧结过程的相场模型。在该模型中,界面由不同成分的各相混合组成,通过热力学平衡确定界面中各相的成分;除了体扩散之外,也同时考虑了界面扩散和表面扩散。所建的模型被应用到Fe-Cu粉末的烧结过程。结果表明,该模型能够定量地描述烧结过程中的微观组织演变以及溶质扩散等现象。     

Equilibrium,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis of Cd(II) Sorption from Aqueous Solutions using Polymeric Microcapsules containing an Acidic Organophosphonic Extractant

The equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics of Cd(II) sorption from aqueous solutions onto polymeric microcapsules has been studied. Microcapsules were prepared by immobilizing an acidic organophosphonic extractant in a polymeric matrix prepared from styrene and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate following in situ free-radical suspension polymerization. Scanning electronic microscopy showed that the microcapsules were spherical and exhibited a rough surface with an average BET surface area of 12–20 m² g^?1 and an approximate pore size of 7.0 nm. The microcapsules were contacted with aqueous solutions containing Cd(II) approximately 100 mg L^?1 at an initial pH = 4.0 to study their sorptive behaviour over a temperature range of 293–323 K. The results of equilibrium experiments showed that the results filled the Langmuir isotherm model. The experimental kinetics followed a pseudo-second order model with an activation energy of 47.1±2.2 kJ mol^?1. Thermodynamics measurements showed that sorption is spontaneous and exothermic and that entropy had a negative value.     

Finding new phases for precipitate-hardening in platinum and palladium alloys

Precipitate hardening (via ordered phases rather than phase separation) of platinum and palladium can be effective even with a small volume-fraction of the ordered phase [M. Carelse, C.I. Lang, Scripta Materialia 54 (7) (2006) 1311]. The approach is particularly well suited to jewelry alloys which must be 95 wt.% pure and where ordered phases of 7:1 or 8:1 stoichiometries can be formed. We examined eight systems where this approach may lead to new applications: Pt-Al, Pd-Al, Pd-Cu, Pd-Mg, Pd-Nb, Pt-Mo, Pt-V, and Pd-V. In each system, using first-principles-based cluster expansion modeling, we have identified high stoichiometric-ratio phases that are stable. Furthermore, using Monte Carlo simulations, we have estimated the order-disorder transition temperatures to identify experimentally feasible phases. In three cases, the computational results are verified by experiment, suggesting that the remaining predictions are likely to be useful as well.