CD28null and Regulatory T Cells Are Substantially Disrupted in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Due to Diabetes Mellitus

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with alterations in T-cell immunity, including increased CD28null and reduced regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, whether immune disturbances are due to ESRD or primary disease is not yet clear. As diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of ESRD, we evaluated its impact on the immune profile of ESRD patients. Methods: CD28null, Tregs, and natural killer cells were initially analyzed by flow cytometry in 30 predialysis ESRD patients due to diabetes (DM), 30 non-DM (NDM), and 25 healthy controls. Measurements were repeated after 6 months on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Results: The percentage of CD4 + CD28null cells, CD8 + CD28null cells, and Tregs showed significant differences in DM, NDM, and controls; mean rank 33.71 vs. 25.68 vs. 18.88, p = 0.006, 37.79 vs. 28.82 vs. 17.08, p = 0.008, and 20.79 vs. 26.12 vs. 41.33, p = 0.001, respectively. DM vs. NDM had increased CD4 + CD28null and CD8 + CD28null cells, 11.5% (1.5%–24%) vs. 4.1% (0–42.3%), p = 0.02 and 61.3% (24%–76%) vs. 43% (5.7%–85%), p = 0.04, respectively. After 6 months on HD but not CAPD, DM showed a significant further increase in CD4 + CD28null cells, from 30 (14–100) to 52.7 (15–203), p = 0.02; and CD8 + CD28null cells, from 137 (56–275) to 266 (103–456), p = 0.01. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus affects T-cell subtypes even at predialysis stage, though changes become more prominent after commencement on HD.     

Hypothesis testing and theory evaluation at the boundaries: Surprising insights from Bayes's theorem.

Because the probability of obtaining an experimental finding given that the null hypothesis is true [p(H?/F)] is not the same as the probability that the null hypothesis is true given a finding [p(H?/F)], calculating the former probability does not justify conclusions about the latter one. As the standard null-hypothesis significance-testing procedure does just that, it is logically invalid (J. Cohen, 1994). Theoretically, Bayes's theorem yields [p(H?/F)], but in practice, researchers rarely know the correct values for 2 of the variables in the theorem. Nevertheless, by considering a wide range of possible values for the unknown variables, it is possible to calculate a range of theoretical values for [p(H?/F)] and to draw conclusions about both hypothesis testing and theory evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The closest load flow limit in electrical power systems by Monte Carlo simulation

This paper describes a method of obtaining a point in voltage vector space for the shortest distance between normal operation and a critical point of load flow in electrical power systems by means of Monte Carlo simulation. It also presents the characteristics of the power distance, voltage distance, and inner products of eigenvectors and voltage differences with respect to the point on the trajectory of minimum search. The critical point is characterized by the zero determinant of the Jacobian matrix. The point is known as the saddle node bifurcation. We propose a method of calculating the critical point under the bus constraints of the load flow equation. A new set of voltages is given by a random generator for a step of the Monte Carlo simulation. We calculate the power distance and draw a trajectory for the closest bifurcation by a random process. The result shows that the right eigenvector is parallel to the normal line to the tangential planes at the closest bifurcation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(3): 40–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10268     

基于正则化零空间鉴别分析的人脸识别

提取有效的特征对高维数据的模式分类起着关键 作用,针对现有故障特征维数过高的问题,本文提 出了一种基于正则化零空间线性鉴别分析(Exponential Regularized Null Space Linear Discriminant Analysis, ERNSLDA)的特征提取方法。零空间线性判别分析已经在数据降维和特征提取上展现出良好 的性能,在 本文中,首先对类内样本矩阵进行正则化处理,避免小样本问题,其次对判别准则进行指数 化处理。所提 方法集成了NSLDA和RLDA在模式识别上的优势,有效地提高了人脸识别的精度,在ORL和YALE 数据库上的仿真实验证了本文所提方法的有效性。     

Third-order aberration theory of Wien filters for monochromators and aberration correctors

Third-order aberrations at the first and the second focus planes of double focus Wien filters are derived in terms of the following electric and magnetic field components – dipole: E₁, B₁; quadrupole: E₂, B₂; hexapole: E₃, B₃ and octupole: E₄, B₄. The aberration coefficients are expressed under the second-order geometrical aberration free conditions of E₂ = −(m + 2)E₁/8R, B₂ = −mB₁/8R and E₃R²/E₁ − B₃R²/B₁ = m/16, where m is an arbitrary value common to all equations. Aberration figures under the conditions of zero x- and y-axes values show very small probe size and similar patterns to those obtained using a previous numerical simulation [G. Martínez & K. Tsuno (2004) Ultramicroscopy, 100 , 105–114]. Round beam conditions are obtained when B₃ = 5m²B₁/144R² and (E₄/E₁ − B₄/B₁)R³ = −29m²/1152. In this special case, aberration figures contain only chromatic and aperture aberrations at the second focus. The chromatic aberrations become zero when m = 2 and aperture aberrations become zero when m = 1.101 and 10.899 at the second focus. Negative chromatic aberrations are obtained when m < 2 and negative aperture aberrations for m < 1.101. The Wien filter functions not only as a monochromator but also as a corrector of both chromatic and aperture aberrations. There are two advantages in using a Wien filter aberration corrector. First, there is the simplicity that derives from it being a single component aberration correction system. Secondly, the aberration in the off-axis region varies very little from the on-axis figures. These characteristics make the corrector very easy to operate.     

具有软开关的功率因数校正技术的应用

简要回顾了功率因数校正器发展过程中出现的各种控制方案,分析和介绍了各控制方案的优缺点及其应用场合。在分析开关损耗的成因的基础上,介绍了了软开关技术的基本原理,讨论了软开关的基本实现方法,分析了现有软开关技术的特点和局限。     

生命体征探测雷达系统的仿真研究

为解决基于连续波(continuous wave, CW)多普勒雷达的生命体征探测中存在的探测零点问题,提出一种新型的并发双频段混合下变频的雷达收发机系统. 提出的雷达系统工作频率为2.05 GHz和1.64 GHz,利用信号间的相关性可以提升系统的整体性能. 在λ/4距离处,单频段单通道检测存在探测零点问题,而提出的双频段双通道检测可以改善系统中的探测零点问题;在非λ/4距离处,双频段双通道检测结果之间可以相互验证,确保了生命体征探测系统的探测准确度. 仿真结果证明了此雷达系统的可行性,无论探测的距离是否在λ/4距离处,所提出的生命体征探测系统总能获得有效的生命体征信号.     

一种低副瓣稳健自适应波束算法

本文提出一种新型低副瓣自适应波束形成算法,解决了传统自适应波束形成器在干扰和高信噪环境下算法性能急剧下降的问题,并降低了快拍数对算法稳健性的影响。该算法基于标准Capon波束形成器,利用消除空域噪声的方法提高期望矢量的重估精度,并结合功率估计算法重构出干扰噪声协方差矩阵;然后使用特征干扰相消算法二次重构噪声协方差矩阵得到最优权值,增强算法在低样拍下的稳定性;最后对最优权值进行切比雪夫加权和二次约束实现了零陷加宽。仿真实验结果表明：新算法计算量小,旁瓣电平低,降低了在干扰运动和导向矢量失配时快拍数和信噪比对性能的影响。     

旋转变压器接线故障分析法的研究

旋转变压器在使用过程中,通常对机械零位和电气零位位置有明确的规定,其引出线接线错误,会导致机械零位和电气零位不一致,甚至正方向错误。提出函数列表分析法和公式分析法对接线故障进行分析研究,得出解决方案,通过实验验证了该方法的有效性及实用性。