老年人肌少性肥胖的机制与运动营养调控研究进展

老年人肌少性肥胖(sarcopenic obesity,SO)是一种伴随着肥胖的骨骼肌质量和功能下降的老年性疾病,多发于老年人群而严重影响其生活质量。大量研究结果表明随着年龄的增长,即使体质量不变,老年人身体组成也会逐渐改变,肌肉质量功能下降,脂肪比例上升且主要堆积在肌肉组织、内脏器官,整体表现为肌肉脂肪量上升、炎症因子增多、生长激素水平下降、营养摄入不足、活动量降低、神经元功能下降以及胰岛素抵抗等,这些现象都与SO相关。从分子水平阐述其相关机制,研究者发现骨骼肌蛋白质合成与降解、骨骼肌糖脂代谢以及相关细胞因子均参与SO代谢通路的调控。运动干预、热量限制及蛋白质、VD、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸盐、肌酸和乳清蛋白的摄入均可在一定程度上起到防治SO的效果。由于国内外对于SO的判断标准、发病机制以及防治手段仍不统一,给SO研究带来了较大难度。本文对国内外最新研究报道进行整理总结,从SO的定义、引起因素、涉及的细胞信号调控通路以及防治策略(运动或营养食品干预)等方面进行了综述,为SO治疗提供新思路。     

External cues challenging the internal appetite control system—Overview and practical implications

Inadequate regulation of food intake plays an important role in the development of overweight and obesity, and is under the influence of both the internal appetite control system and external environmental cues. Especially in environments where food is overly available, external cues seem to override and/or undermine internal signals, which put severe challenges on the accurate regulation of food intake. By structuring these external cues around five different phases in the food consumption process this paper aims to provide an overview of the wide range of external cues that potentially facilitate or hamper internal signals and with that influence food intake. For each of the five phases of the food consumption process, meal initiation, meal planning, consumption phase, end of eating episode and time till next meal, the most relevant internal signals are discussed and it is explained how specific external cues exert their influence.     

Bovine milk oligosaccharides decrease gut permeability and improve inflammation and microbial dysbiosis in diet-induced obese mice

Obesity is characterized by altered gut homeostasis, including dysbiosis and increased gut permeability closely linked to the development of metabolic disorders. Milk oligosaccharides are complex sugars that selectively enhance the growth of specific beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and could be used as prebiotics. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effects of bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) and Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis (B. infantis) on restoring diet-induced obesity intestinal microbiota and barrier function defects in mice. Male C57/BL6 mice were fed a Western diet (WD, 40% fat/kcal) or normal chow (C, 14% fat/kcal) for 7 wk. During the final 2 wk of the study, the diet of a subgroup of WD-fed mice was supplemented with BMO (7% wt/wt). Weekly gavage of B. infantis was performed in all mice starting at wk 3, yet B. infantis could not be detected in any luminal contents when mice were killed. Supplementation of the WD with BMO normalized the cecal and colonic microbiota with increased abundance of Lactobacillus compared with both WD and C mice and restoration of Allobaculum and Ruminococcus levels to that of C mice. The BMO supplementation reduced WD-induced increase in paracellular and transcellular flux in the large intestine as well as mRNA levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor α. In conclusion, BMO are promising prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function for enhanced health.     

Purple Sweet Potato Attenuate Weight Gain in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice

Purple sweet potato (PSP) is widely grown in Asia and considered as a healthy vegetable. The objective of the current study was to determine the anti‐obesity effect of the PSP on high fat diet induced obese C57BL/6J mice. The mice were administrated with high fat diet supplemented with the sweet potato (SP) or PSP at the concentration of 15% and 30% for 12 wk, respectively. The results showed that the supplementation of SP or PSP at 30% significantly ameliorated high fat diet induced obesity and its associated risk factors, including reduction of body weight and fat accumulation, improvement of lipid profile and modulation of energy expenditure. Moreover, PSP also posed beneficial effect on the liver and kidney functions. These results indicate that PSP and SP have anti‐obesity effect and are effective to reduce the metabolic risk.     

Peptide-YY Is Released by the Intestinal Cell Line STC-1

ABSTRACT:  Dietary modulation of the response of gut satiety hormones, which partly regulate food intake, provides a promising treatment for overweight and obesity. Gut-derived cell lines such as STC-1 are widely used to investigate these hormonal responses to nutrients. To date, no peptide-YY (PYY) secreting cell line has been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether STC-1 cells are able to secrete PYY and if so, whether dietary compounds can modulate PYY secretion. The effects of fatty acid types C4:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 on PYY release were investigated by measuring PYY in the supernatant after 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation, respectively, using RIA assays. The STC-1 cells were able to secrete PYY in a time-dependent manner. It was shown that after 30 min, C4:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C18:0 caused increased PYY levels compared to the control. At time points 60 and 90 min, C4:0 and C18:0 induced elevated PYY levels compared to the control. After 120 min, C4:0, C14:0, and C18:0 caused elevated levels compared to the control. We are the first to show that the STC-1 cells are also able to secrete PYY next to cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Addition of fatty acids resulted in increased levels of PYY, which is consistent with the literature describing human studies. We conclude that the STC-1 cell line provides an appropriate cell line for screening the effects of ingredients on the release of the satiety-related gut hormones CCK, GLP-1, and PYY.     

浒苔对营养性肥胖小鼠减肥功能的研究

目的:研究浒苔对营养性肥胖小鼠的减肥作用。方法:用营养饲料建立肥胖模型,造模成功小鼠分为模型组,浒苔高、中、低剂量组和阳性对照组。模型组小鼠喂以基础饲料并灌胃清水,浒苔高、中、低剂量组分别喂以添加质量分数30%、20%、10%浒苔的基础饲料并灌胃清水,阳性对照组喂以基础饲料并灌胃50mg/(100g.d)(以体质量计)的左旋肉碱。49d后眼球取血,测定小鼠体质量、Lee,s指数、脂肪系数及血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性。结果:高、中、低剂量浒苔及左旋肉碱均能有效降低雌性与雄性营养性肥胖小鼠体质量、Lee,s指数、脂肪系数及血清TC、TG、LDL-C含量和ALT、AST活性,升高HDL-C含量和HDL-C含量/T C含量。结论:浒苔具有良好的减肥功能,其机理可能是抑制脂肪生成、调节血脂、保护肝功能。