Temperature rise of hydrogen storage cylinders by thermal radiation from fire at hydrogen-gasoline hybrid refueling stations

This study focuses on two types of hydrogen-gasoline hybrid refueling stations, and a risk assessment study on thermal radiation is carried out with a fire at each hybrid station. One of the hybrid stations has bare hydrogen storage cylinders, and the other has container walls around the cylinders. We calculate radiative flux to the cylinders from the fire occurring at the gasoline refueling machines in each hybrid station. Additionally, we calculate the temperature rise of the cylinders based on the obtained radiative flux. To evaluate a dangerous case for hybrid stations, we calculate the radiative flux and temperature rise using a large scale and high temperature fire. Based on our analysis, we find that the container walls can greatly insulate the radiative flux. Therefore, we show that we are able to keep the temperature of the cylinders below the hazardous temperature of 358 K by installing container walls around them.     

Evaluating uncertainty in accident rate estimation at hydrogen refueling station using time correlation model

Hydrogen, as a future energy carrier, is receiving a significant amount of attention in Japan. From the viewpoint of safety, risk evaluation is required in order to increase the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) implemented in Japan. Collecting data about accidents in the past will provide a hint to understand the trend in the possibility of accidents occurrence by identifying its operation time However, in new technology; accident rate estimation can have a high degree of uncertainty due to absence of major accident direct data in the late operational period. The uncertainty in the estimation is proportional to the data unavailability, which increases over long operation period due to decrease in number of stations. In this paper, a suitable time correlation model is adopted in the estimation to reflect lack (due to the limited operation period of HRS) or abundance of accident data, which is not well supported by conventional approaches. The model adopted in this paper shows that the uncertainty in the estimation increases when the operation time is long owing to the decreasing data.     

面向在轨测量任务的伴飞机器人三维仿真系统

为了避免空间伴飞机器人末端探测器与自身载体或者与待测航天器之间发生碰撞,在实际进行在轨测量之前,需要对其末端探测器轨迹规划方法进行充分的三维图形仿真.针对现有空间机器人地面仿真系统不能可视化的问题,设计了一种基于虚拟现实技术的三维仿真系统.首先,建立了基于Open Inventor的空间机器人三维实体几何模型,并构建反应空间机器人逻辑位置的三维仿真场景.然后,基于数据传输技术和构建的三维仿真场景建立了空间机器人可视化三维仿真系统.最后,建立空间机器人运动学模型并对空间机器人末端执行器跟踪的圆弧轨迹进行规划.仿真结果表明,利用该系统可直观得到空间机器人的运动过程以及空间机器人载体的运动特性,有利于空间机器人的轨迹规划和控制算法的仿真研究,可避免因不当轨迹规划而造成空间机器人发生碰撞.     

用于空中加油的激光测距与双目视觉融合算法

依据空中加油自动对接阶段的高精密测量需求,设计了双目视觉与激光测距融合的测量系统。分别分析了双目视觉与激光测距的误差和系统实时性,采用二维摆镜结合激光测距机测距,解决多传感器融合的时滞问题。并提出数据融合算法,利用双目视觉粗测的三维信息,调整摆镜使激光测距机精测距离,依据光路进一步修正该距离值,再依据空间几何关系修正双目视觉光轴方向的测量值,从而获取高精度的三维信息。多次试验结果表明:设计的融合算法能够使测量精度提升到10 mm/20 m,极大提高了自动对接的可靠性,为空中加油自动对接提供了一种新的高精度测量方法。     

计及碳排放流的光储充一体化电站及加氢站协同规划

随着“双碳”目标的深入推进,新能源汽车的发展成为解决交通-能源领域碳排放问题的重要途径。文中提出一种计及碳排放流的光储充一体化电站和汽车加氢站的联合规划方法。首先,采用蒙特卡洛方法对新能源汽车的时空特性进行随机抽样,考虑充能站位置、规模和能源供应等因素,以系统经济性最优为目标建立规划模型。然后,引入碳排放流理论,结合潮流计算及电力网络分析方法,将碳排放成本纳入目标函数。最后,以中国南方地区某城市片区主动配电网为例,对不同光伏出力、新能源汽车渗透率场景的规划结果进行分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Multi-hub hydrogen refueling station with on-site and centralized production

In recent decades, the consequences of climate changes due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become ever more impactful, forcing international authorities to find green solutions for sustainable economic development. In this regard, one of the global targets is the reduction of fossil fuels utilization in the transport sector to encourage the diffusion of more environmentally friendly alternatives. Among them, hydrogen is emerging as a viable candidate since it is a potentially emission-free fuel when produced by exploiting renewable energy sources (RES). Nevertheless, to allow widespread use of this gas in the transport sector, several technoeconomic barriers, including production cost, and lack of distribution and storage infrastructure, have to be overcome. Distributed hydrogen production via renewable energy-powered electrolysis could be an effective solution to reduce cost and lead to economies of scale. In this study a multi-hub configuration with on-site production from PV-powered electrolysis and centralized production from steam methane reforming (SMR) is proposed. In particular, an infrastructure network for a bus refueling station located in Lazio is considered as a case study. First, each hub, composed of PV panels, an electrolyzer, a compression system, high-pressure and low-pressure storages, and hydrogen dispensers with chiller, is modeled in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Then, a design perturbation analysis is carried out to determine the impact of the configuration on the refueling station performance in terms of carbon emissions levels and the Levelized Cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The results show a significant influence of the station size on the economic performance highlighting significant benefits (reduction up to 40% in the LCOH) for a 80 bus HUB with a saturating trend towards larger sizes. CO₂ emissions per unit mass of hydrogen are kept limited for all the stations thanks to the synergistic effects of SMR and Electrolyzer. Interconnecting more than one station each other further benefits can be achieved from the environmental perspective (savings up to 5 tons of CO₂ are demonstrated for a typical summer case study).     

Hydrogen refueling stations and fuel cell buses four year operational analysis under real-world conditions

Worldwide about 550 hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) were in operation in 2021, of which 38% were in Europe. With their number expected to grow even further, the collection and investigation of real-world station operative data are fundamental to tracking their activity in terms of safety issues, performances, maintenance, reliability, and energy use. This paper analyses the parameters that characterize the refueling of 350 bar fuel cell buses (FCB) in five HRS within the 3Emotion project. The HRS are characterized by different refueling capacities, hydrogen supply schemes, storage volumes and pressures, and operational strategies. The FCB operate over various duty cycles circulating on urban and extra-urban routes. From data logs provided by the operators, a dataset of four years of operation has been created. The results show a similar hydrogen amount per fill distribution but quite different refueling times among the stations. The average daily mass per bus and refueling time are around 14.62 kg and 10.28 min. About 50% of the total amount of hydrogen is dispensed overnight, and the refueling events per bus are typically every 24 h. On average, the buses' time spent in service is 10 h per day. The hydrogen consumption is approximately 7 kg/100 km, a rather effective result reached by the technology. The station utilization is below 30% for all sites, the buses availability hardly exceeds 80%.     

一种光学载荷在轨杂散光效应全链路自动仿真方法

针对极轨气象卫星FY-3C载荷可见光扫描辐射计（VIRR）在轨红外定标时存在温度反演不一致的现象展开分析，提出了一种全链路自动化仿真分析方法，将仪器结构与卫星轨道参数和卫星平台环境相结合，通过对光机模型的高精度光线追迹来得到杂散光影响的定量化结果。仿真模拟了在轨红外定标和太阳光入射两种情况，确定了太阳杂散光的入射路径，解释了温度反演不一致的原因。将仿真结果与卫星在轨数据进行比对，验证了仿真方法的有效性。该方法可用于同类型载荷的在轨杂散光分析仿真工作，同时也为历史数据的再定标修正提供参考。     

Improving hydrogen refueling stations to achieve minimum refueling costs for small bus fleets

Fuel cell vehicles using green hydrogen as fuel can contribute to the mitigation of climate change. The increasing utilization of those vehicles creates the need for cost efficient hydrogen refueling stations. This study investigates how to build the most cost efficient refueling stations to fuel small fleet sizes of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 fuel cell busses. A detailed physical model of a hydrogen refueling station was built to determine the necessary hydrogen storage size as well as energy demand for compression and precooling of hydrogen. These results are used to determine the refueling costs for different station configurations that vary the number of storage banks, their volume and compressor capacity.It was found that increasing the number of storage banks will decrease the necessary total station storage volume as well as energy demand for compression and precooling. However, the benefit of adding storage banks decreases with each additional bank. Hence the cost for piping and instrumentation to add banks starts to outweigh the benefits when too many banks are used. Investigating the influence of the compressor mass flow found that when fueling fleets of 2 or 4 busses the lowest cost can be reached by using a compressor with the minimal mass flow necessary to refill all storage banks within 24 h. For fleets of 8, 16 and 32 busses, using the compressor with the maximum investigated mass flow of 54 kg/h leads to the lowest costs.