This paper focuses on the microscopic damage and progressive failure of a composite reinforced by plain-weave glass cloth under tensile fatigue loading. The fatigue process was divided into three stages like that of multi-directional laminates. It was found that the internal damage at each stage (matrix cracks, debonds in the weft, successive debonds in the warp and ‘metadelaminations’ between warps and wefts) occurred near the cross-over point of the fabric. The modulus decay mechanism was explained by considering the progression of this internal damage. From the end of the first stage to the beginning of the middle stage, a characteristic damage state (CDS) (called a ‘meta-CDS’) was observed. It was found that woven composites have a unit area of damage accumulation (called a ‘unit cell’) and the damage of each unit cell and its distribution control the total fatigue damage of the material. 相似文献
Electroconsolidation® is a process for densifying complex-shaped parts by using electrically conductive particulate solids as a pressure-transmitting medium. The part is immersed in a bed of the particulate medium contained in a die chamber. Sintering temperature is achieved by resistive heating of the medium while applying compaction pressure. The process is capable of ultrahigh temperatures and short cycle times and offers the potential for low processing costs.
Control of the process and selection of process conditions require knowledge of the temperatures within the die. Temperature gradients exist because of the high heating rate and because of variations of density and electrical resistivity of the medium due to the presence of the part. Direct measurement of temperature with thermocouples or other conventional means is impractical because of the high temperatures, high currents, and high pressures that are involved. Therefore, a computer model was developed to predict temperature as a function of time and applied voltage for any location in the die. The computer model is composed of three parts: a geometrical model to approximate the density and resistivity variations in the medium, a finite-element model to calculate the rate of resistive heating within each element, and a finite-difference model to calculate the temperature distribution based on solution of the heat-transfer equations. Predicted temperatures have been shown to be in excellent agreement with measurements, and numerical simulation provided encouraging consistency and reasonably accurate predictions of temperature profiles within the die. The model demonstrated the feasibility of a new process to achieve simultaneous application of pressure and heat to powder densification in Electroconsolidation. 相似文献
This paper concerns the following problem: given a set of multi-attribute records, a fixed number of buckets and a two-disk system, arrange the records into the buckets and then store the buckets between the disks in such a way that, over all possible orthogonal range queries (ORQs), the disk access concurrency is maximized. We shall adopt the multiple key hashing (MKH) method for arranging records into buckets and use the disk modulo (DM) allocation method for storing buckets onto disks. Since the DM allocation method has been shown to be superior to any other allocation methods for allocating an MKH file onto a two-disk system for answering ORQs, the real issue is knowing how to determine an optimal way for organizing the records into buckets based upon the MKH concept.
A performance formula that can be used to evaluate the average response time, over all possible ORQs, of an MKH file in a two-disk system using the DM allocation method is first presented. Based upon this formula, it is shown that our design problem is related to a notoriously difficult problem, namely the Prime Number Problem. Then a performance lower bound and an efficient algorithm for designing optimal MKH files in certain cases are presented. It is pointed out that in some cases the optimal MKH file for ORQs in a two-disk system using the DM allocation method is identical to the optimal MKH file for ORQs in a single-disk system and the optimal average response time in a two-disk system is slightly greater than one half of that in a single-disk system. 相似文献
Collocation methods are developed for the solution of some differential equation models for transport phenomena problems in one-and two-dimensions in co-axial annuli of spherical and cylindrical shapes. General formulae are developed to obtain orthogonal polynomials over an arbitrary interval using two types of weighting functions. The convergence and accuracy of the methods are demonstrated using two test problems, i.e., calculation of effectiveness factors in (a) a spherical pellet with peripherally deposited catalyst and (b) a Raschig ring type cylindrical catalyst pellet. Comparisons of results obtained from the present methods with analytic solutions for the first-order reactions indicate good agreement. Numerical solutions are also obtained for the second-and the third-order reactions for which analytic solutions are not available. Results obtained in terms of a new Thiele modulus involving the ratio of volume of peripherally deposited part of catalyst to exterior surface area indicate that this normalization brings effectiveness factor versus Thiele modulus curves close together for co-axial spherical and long cylindrical pellets, as it does for these geometries without the inner co-axial portion. 相似文献
This paper uses a finite element-based sensitivity analysis method to design the preform die shape for metal forming processes.
The sensitivity analysis was developed using the rigid visco-plastic finite element method. The preform die shapes are represented
by cubic B-spline curves. The control points or coefficients of the B-spline are used as the design variables. The optimization
problem is to minimize the difference between the realized and the desired final forging shapes. The sensitivity analysis
includes the sensitivities of the objective function, nodal coordinates, and nodal velocities with respect to the design variables.
The remeshing procedure and the interpolation/transfer of the history/dependent parameters are considered. An adjustment of
the volume loss resulting from the finite element analysis is used to make the workpiece volume consistent in each optimization
iteration and improve the optimization convergence. In addition, a technique for dealing with fold-over defects during the
forming simulation is employed in order to continue the optimization procedures of the preform die shape design. The method
developed in this paper is used to design the preform die shape for both plane strain and axisymmetric deformations with shaped
cavities. The analysis shows that satisfactory final forging shapes are obtained using the optimized preform die shapes. 相似文献