International cigarette labelling practices

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Members of GLOBALink (), an Internet listserve for tobacco activists with members in 56 countries, who were asked to provide specific information on cigarette warning requirements in their countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of specific warning labels, overall content score (based on a 0-10 scale with a point for each specific warning mentioned), size of warning label, location of warning label. RESULTS: Forty-five countries (80%) responded; 40 had mandatory labelling requirements, three had voluntary agreements with the industry and two had no requirements. In general, American companies did no more in foreign countries than required by local law. The average developing country content score was 1.6, compared with 5.0 in developed countries (p = 0.0003). Forty-two per cent of countries either had no warning requirement or had only a very general health warning. The most common warning was for heart disease (49% of countries) and the least common was for addiction (14%). All warnings were more common in developed than developing countries. Warnings in developed country were on average 27% larger than those in developing countries (p = 0.325). Seventy-three per cent of labels in developing countries appeared only on the side of the pack, whereas 78% of labels in developed countries appeared on the front and back (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: In almost every respect measured, residents in developing countries are receiving inferior information about the hazards of smoking than residents of developed countries. Laws should be promulgated in importing and exporting countries to ensure that, where their labelling laws differ, companies would be required to provide the more comprehensive labelling.     

锂电池自动点焊设备的开发与研制

分析影响锂电池点焊质量的主要因素,介绍在此基础上自主研发自动点焊设备,通过对该设备技术指标以及功能特性的表述,提出在锂电池包生产过程的点焊环节中,如何满足企业实际生产需要,从而提高点焊一致性、点焊速度以及点焊可靠性。     

Behavior of dairy cows in an alternative bedded-pack housing system

The objectives of this study were to measure lying behavior and social interactions of lactating cows housed in an alternative bedded-pack system, commonly referred to as a compost dairy barn, and to investigate the association between the temperature-humidity index and lying behavior of these cows. The study was conducted in 12 compost dairy barns in Minnesota between late June 2005 and September 2005. Lying, standing, and walking behavior of 147 focal cows was measured by automatic activity monitors. The daily lying time was 9.34 ± 1.94 h. The number of daily lying bouts was 11.0 ± 3.2 and the lying bout length was 50.8 ± 35.6 min. As days in milk increased, the total number of lying bouts increased, corresponding to an increase in total daily lying time. Cows in the compost barns lay down for less time, took more steps, and reduced the length of lying bouts as the temperature-humidity index increased. Social interactions and lying positions of all cows in the bedded-pack area (total of 886 cows in the 12 dairies) were recorded using visual observations during two 4-h periods on 2 separate days. A total of 43.3% of the cows were lying down at any time. All 4 natural lying positions (head back, head up, flat on the side, and head on the ground) were observed in 9 of the bedded packs during the direct visual observation periods. The majority (84.6%) of the cows observed lying down assumed the head-up position. Of all observed lying events, the head-back lying position was assumed 8.8% of the time, the head on the ground 5.4% of the time, and flat on the side 0.8% of the time. Observations of social interactions on the bedded-pack area showed that 0.94 ± 1.5 incidents of chasing away, 0.94 ± 1.8 of pushing, 1.4 ± 1.6 of head butting, and 2.3 ± 2.9 of allogrooming (social licking) occurred per hour. Observations of lying behavior, social interactions, and natural lying positions indicated that compost dairy barns can be an adequate housing system for dairy cows.     

The relationship between compost bedded pack performance,management, and bacterial counts

The objective of this study was to assess the relationships among temperature, moisture, carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, space per cow, and bacterial counts from bedding material collected from compost bedded pack (CBP) barns. A field survey of 42 routinely aerated CBP barns was conducted in Kentucky between October 2010 and March 2011. Two bedding material samples of 1,064.7 cm³ each were collected during a single site visit from 9 evenly distributed locations throughout each barn and thoroughly mixed to create a composite sample representative of the entire CBP. Bacterial counts were determined for coliforms, Escherichia coli, streptococci, staphylococci, and Bacillus spp. University of Kentucky Regulatory Services (Lexington) laboratory personnel performed nutrient analyses to determine moisture, carbon, and nitrogen contents. Surface and 10.2-cm pack depth temperatures were collected for each of the 9 evenly distributed locations and the mean calculated to produce a composite temperature. Space per cow was calculated as the total CBP area divided by number of cows housed on the CBP. The GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) generated models to describe factors affecting bacterial counts. Bacterial counts were 6.3 ± 0.6, 6.0 ± 0.6, 7.2 ± 0.7, 7.9 ± 0.5, and 7.6 ± 0.5 log₁₀ cfu/g of dry matter for coliform, Escherichia coli, streptococci, staphylococci, and Bacillus spp., respectively. Composite temperature, CBP moisture, C:N ratio, and space per cow had no effect on coliform counts. Escherichia coli reached a peak concentration when the C:N ratio was between 30:1 and 35:1. Staphylococci counts increased as ambient temperature increased. Streptococci counts decreased with increased space per cow and composite temperature and increased with increasing ambient temperature and moisture. Streptococci counts peaked at a C:N ratio ranging from 16:1 to 18:1. Bacillus spp. counts were reduced with increasing moisture, C:N ratio, and ambient temperature. Mastitis-causing bacteria thrive in similar conditions to that of composting bacteria and microbes, making elimination of these at higher temperatures (55 to 65°C) difficult in an active composting environment. Producers must use recommended milking procedures and other preventative practices to maintain low somatic cell count in herds with a CBP barn.     

气田防砂效果评价方法与标准探索

当前,国内针对气井防砂效果的评价尚无统一标准。根据涩北气田生产实际情况,结合气井生产、防砂特点,提出了气井防砂效果评价方法。该方法综合考虑了气井防砂前后生产情况、防砂工艺挡砂效果、防砂工艺有效率及防砂工艺有效期。应用气井防砂效果评价方法,对涩北气田3种主导防砂工艺的防砂效果进行了系统评价。评价结果表明,涩北气田主导防砂工艺防砂效果较好,3种主导防砂工艺中,纤维复合防砂工艺效果最好,其次为高压一次充填防砂工艺和端部脱砂压裂防砂工艺。防砂效果评价结果与气田生产实际认识符合,进一步说明了该气井防砂效果评价方法适用于涩北气田。     

包埋法制备SiC涂层C/C复合材料及真空热处理对涂层的影响

采用Si、C及Al2O3粉末为原料,利用包埋法结合真空热处理在C/C复合材料表面制备SiC涂层.并利用XRD、SEM等测试手段分析真空热处理对涂层C/C复合材料的组织结构和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:包埋粉料中Si含量为84.5%和87.0%(质量分数)时,所制备的SiC过渡层由β-SiC、α-SiC和Si三相组成....     

Influence of process parameters on thickness and wear resistance of rare earth modified chromium coatings on P110 steel synthesized by pack cementation

The pack cementation was employed to produce rare earth modified chromium coatings on P110 steel aiming at improving its performance and increasing the usage lifetime during operation. The orthogonal array design (OAD) was applied to set experiments. Contents of NH4Cl, types of RE, contents of RE, test temperature and soaking time were the main factors, and each factor was endowed with four levels. While the range analysis and analysis of variance were used to investigate the results of OAD tests on thickness and wear resistance. The results indicated that for a promising coating with higher thickness value and excellent anti-wear property, the test temperature was the most significant process factor. The potential promising conditions for chromizing treatment were: adding 1% NH4Cl and 1% LaCl3, maintaining the test temperature at 1000 oC for 8 h. The results of verification showed that the coating formed under the optimal process parameter had a valid thickness of 28 μm and a reduction of 0.32 mg in wear resistance test.     

Gas exchange in modified atmosphere packaging. 2: Experimental results with strawberries

Strawberries were used to test a new model describing gas transport through micro-perforated polypropylene films and fruit respiration involved in modified atmosphere packaging. Some experiments were conducted with empty packs initially filled with either 100% N₂ or 100% O₂. Simulations agreed very well with experiments only if we replaced the cross-sectional area of the micro-perforations by areas of approximately half the actual areas in order to account for the resistance of air around the perforations. It is also possible to fit the model to gas concentration changes in packs filled with strawberries, although deviations have been due to the contamination of strawberries by fungi. the model was used to quantify the consequences of the variability of pack properties (number of micro-perforations per pack and cross-sectional area of these perforations) on equilibrium gas concentrations and to define minimum homogeneity requirements for modified atmosphere packaging.     

基于ARM的串联电池组均衡系统设计

为解决串联电池组在循环充放电过程中不一致性逐渐加剧造成的整个电池组的性能下降和寿命缩短的问题,提出了以STM32系列ARM为核心的串联电池组全程动态均衡系统。该系统具有独立的补电均衡和耗散均衡控制模块,实现了电池在充放电全过程中的动态均衡,提高了均衡效率,缩短了均衡时间,同时解决了目前常用均衡方案发热量大,能量消耗大的问题。     

动力锂电池组充放电智能管理系统设计与实现

锂离子电池组充放电过程中对电压、电流和温度比较敏感,而且各单体电池存在不一致性.提出了一种新的锂电池组充放电智能管理系统,能够实时检测电池组单体的电压、电流和温度,控制电池组均衡充放电,并实现对电池组充放电过流保护和负载短路过流保护.系统具有集成度高,体积小,精度高,反应快并能够灵活地扩展系统容量等优点.