Thermal analysis of laser surface transformation hardening—optimization of process parameters

This paper deals with the optimization of process parameters for maximum productivity (given by the product of scanning velocity and cross feed) in laser transformation hardening. The process parameters considered are laser beam power, P; laser beam diameter, D_b; and the heat intensity distribution, namely, normal, bimodal, or uniform. A thermal analysis of the laser surface transformation hardening of gears was conducted (based on Jaeger’s classical moving heat source method) by considering the laser beam as a moving plane (disc) heat source to establish the temperature rise distribution in the workpiece (gear) of finite width. In a recent investigation [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 2845], the authors considered the case of a heat source with a pseudo-Gaussian (or normal) distribution of heat intensity. The analytical results were compared with the experimental results published in the literature. In laser heat treatment of steel, it is generally considered preferable to use a wider heat intensity distribution, such as uniform or bimodal, for it enables more uniform case hardening depth. In this paper, this model is extended to cover bimodal and uniform distributions and compared with the normal distribution. Scanning velocities for no surface melting and for a case hardening depth of 0.1 mm were determined for surface transformation hardening of AISI 1036 (EN 8) steel for a range of laser beam powers, P, laser beam diameters, D_b, and various heat intensity distributions. Since diffusion during the heat treatment (surface transformation hardening) process is a time dependent phenomenon, based on the literature review, an interaction time of 15 ms was taken as a basis. It is hoped that laser industry with adequate facilities available can validate the thermal analysis and subsequent optimization presented in this paper.     

半透明氮化硅陶瓷的放电等离子烧结制备及性能

用放电等离子烧结(spark plasma sintering,SPS)技术,以质量分数(下同)为9%氮化铝(A1N),3%氧化镁(MgO)为烧结助剂,在1850℃烧结5min,成功制备了半透明氮化硅(Si3N4)陶瓷.半透明Si3N4陶瓷在中红外波段表现出良好的透过率,最大透过率为66.4%.SPS的快速致密化过程保证了烧结体具有良好的晶体结构,有利于提高透过率.SPS快速的烧结过程和A1N和MgO的加入能够有效抑制烧结过程中Si3N4陶瓷由α相向β相的转变,是制备光学性能良好的Si3N4陶瓷的关键.报道了半透明Si3N4陶瓷的其他性能.光学性能与其他性能的结合,势必大大拓宽Si3N4陶瓷的应用领域.     

煤矸石热活化及相变分析

系统研究了不同温度下热处理活化煤矸石的物相组成和活性组分溶出的变化规律.用差热分析、X射线衍射、红外光谱、核磁共振、电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱和扫描电镜等仪器测试分析煤矸石原矿和不同煅烧温度制备的样品的矿物组成、分子结构、29Si和27Al化学位移、活性Si4 和Al3 溶出量及微观结构.结果表明:煤矸石的活化程度随不同温度下矿物相组成及铝配位情况的变化而改变.连续性的相转变与活性硅、铝的溶出量相对应.     

基于色调区域分割的扫描仪颜色转换

扫描仪的颜色响应数值RGB与对应CIE视觉色度值间的转换用于颜色的正确捕获。实验建立了从RGB到CIEXYZ的转换关系。基于扫描仪响应数值RGB与颜色三刺激值CIEXYZ的形成机理,设计了将颜色空间分割为红、黄、绿、蓝、青、品红共6个色调区域,分别进行关系建立的方法。在两台扫描仪上的实验表明,对IT8.7/2标准色标,采用2阶10项的多项式拟合关系,颜色转换的CIEL*a*b*平均色差可达到1.0左右,最大色差小于4;对检验色标具有同样的转换精度,表明了该方法较强的泛化能力。实验同时表明,采用该方法,RGB到CIEXYZ的转换精度高于到CIEL*a*b*的转换。     

Ni52Mn23+xSn25-x(x=0,1,2)合金的磁性

利用X射线衍射和振动样品磁强计研究了Ni52Mn23 xSn25-x(x=0,1,2)合金的结构和磁性.结果表明,合金为铁磁性形状记忆合金.奥氏体具有强的铁磁性,而马氏体表现为顺磁或反铁磁性.磁化曲线表现出明显的磁场诱导马氏体相变行为.Sn含量对居里温度影响十分显著,而对马氏体相变温度影响很小.合金马氏体相变过程的温度范围很窄,约在5K以内.     

基于模糊控制的智能路灯节电器设计

针对照明耗能设备的特点,采用可变电抗器节能控制技术设计和研制路灯节能装置,探讨了运用模糊控制算法,优化节电运行的节能问题.     

激光相变硬化在CrMo铸铁汽车模具中的应用

利用不同的激光工艺参数对CrMo铸铁汽车模具表面进行了激光相变硬化试验,探讨了激光工艺参数对激光相变硬化层的深度、显微硬度的分布及组织结构变化的影响.结果表明,适当的工艺参数可使试样的表面硬度得到不同程度地提高,同时可以消除表面裂纹,显著提高汽车模具的使用寿命.     

Mn含量对高强度耐候钢连续冷却过程中组织和性能的影响

采用Gleeble-2000型热模拟试验机及DT-1000膨胀仪研究了两种不同Mn含量(1号含1.42%Mn和2号含0.90%Mn)高强度耐候钢的连续冷却转变过程,分析了不同冷速下两种钢的组织转变和力学性能.结果表明,Mn元素可显著增加高强度耐候钢过冷奥氏体的稳定性,在0.1～60℃/s的冷速范围内1号钢先共析铁素体析出温度比2号钢低约30～50℃.当冷速vNo.1＜0.5℃/s、vNo.2＜1℃/s时,得到F P组织.在整个冷却转变过程中,随着冷速的提高,1号钢逐渐得到以岛状马氏体、粒状贝氏体和板条马氏体为主的组织,而2号钢始终是以铁素体为主的组织.同时,随着冷速的提高,两种钢的硬度、抗拉强度随之提高,其中1号钢明显高于2号钢.     

Austenite stability in Fe–Mn–Si-based shape memory alloys

The stability of austenite in a number of Fe–Mn–Si-based shape memory alloys has been investigated. It was found that a grain boundary precipitate of BCC structure is formed over a wide range of alloy compositions and heat treatment temperatures. This grain boundary phase has been identified as the chi (χ) phase. Although up to 3 vol.% of the grain boundary precipitate was generated by isothermal aging in the range 500–800 °C, it was found not to markedly affect the mechanical properties or the shape memory effect. Nano-indentation indicated that the hardness and strength of the parent and precipitate phase are very similar, as are their compositions.     

Grinding-hardening with liquid nitrogen: Mechanisms and technology

This paper studies an innovative development of a steel grinding–hardening technology using an inert cryogen—liquid nitrogen. It was found that phase transformations took place during grinding with the application of liquid nitrogen and resulted in hardened surface layer in a ground component. The layer had a fine laths martensite structure which gave rise to a remarkably high hardness. It was also shown that the treatment can produce superior surface integrity, with compressive surface residual stresses and without surface oxidation. Due to the inert nature of the liquid nitrogen, the grinding process becomes environmentally conscious.