Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

A novel triple notch‐bands ultra wide‐band band‐pass filters using parallel multi‐mode resonators and CSRRs

This article discusses a technique based on combination of multimode resonators (MMR) and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) to design multi notch‐bands ultra wide‐band (UWB) band‐pass filters (BPF). The proposed structure consists of two parallel multimode resonators, resulting in a dual notch‐band UWB BPF, integrated with a single cell of CSRR to realize the third notch‐band. The mechanism of realizing the notch‐bands is mathematically presented and a triple notch‐bands UWB BPF is designed, simulated and fabricated. The overall size of the proposed filter is reported to be around 36 × 7.7 mm² where a size reduction of around 35% is demonstrated in comparison to the conventional filter. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 24:375–381, 2014.     

SC-1型乙烯裂解炉先进控制系统开发与应用

针对SC-1型乙烯气液相裂解炉控制问题,提出了一种鲁棒性较强的先进控制策略,开发了由“DCS控制层”和“上位机控制层”构成的先进控制系统.该系统有效地解决了燃料热值波动对裂解炉裂解气出口温度的影响,减少了裂解气出口温度和裂解炉总加工量的波动,实现了“卡边”控制及生产过程的安全逻辑保护,优化控制器可一键投运和切除,解决了裂解炉控制问题的复杂性.该系统成功应用于兰州石化46万吨／年乙烯装置,大幅度提高了装置的平稳率,提升了双烯收率,降低了装置能耗.     

一类拟线性椭圆方程的多重非负解

研究一类拟线性椭圆方程的非负解的多重性。利用非线性项在无穷远处与零点处的渐近行为,应用Ekeland变分原理与山路引理得到2个非平凡的非负解。     

角钢工艺优化

通过对角钢生产过程中调整问题的总结和对角孔型系统的研究,对5#~11#的孔型进行了优化。包括角钢孔型的侧壁斜度、腿部圆弧角半径以及其内跨圆角进行了改动。另外根据各架孔型的变化对角钢导卫开口度进行了优化,重点优化改进了粗、精轧各架的进口导卫开口度。     

基于六西格玛的电池组自动焊合格率改善策略

通过电池组自动电阻焊的实验研究,采用六西格玛理论分析出对自动电阻焊缺陷最显著影响因素,并针对不同的电阻焊缺陷提出改进措施。从改善后的FEMA看,各种影响电池组焊接缺陷的因素有很大改善,电阻焊后续制程在手动转自动化过程中,需要采用六西格玛的方法进行质量控制与分析,最终采取适当的改善措施,实现电池组自动电阻焊的质量可靠性保证。     

JZ-3型水轮机修复机械手路径轨迹规划

针对水轮机修复机械手在水轮机转轮的异性叶片曲面上焊接的路径轨迹规划问题,在概述了水轮机修复专用机械手运动方程的基础上,论述了经过修订的两种笛卡尔空间路径轨迹规划算法.为使规划的路径轨迹准确通过补焊位置而减小误差,同时尽可能使工作路径涵盖绝大部分的水轮机叶片曲面,提出了任意四边形内多焊道等宽路径轨迹规划的概念、算法和相应步骤.编程和仿真显示此方法可用于异形曲面的路径轨迹规划,并使焊道涵盖90%左右的水轮机叶片表面.     

全浮芯棒二辊孔型中轧管金属变形行为研究

为分析连轧荒管管壁收缩的原因,借助有限元模拟软件MSC.Super Form,对宝钢Φ140 mm全浮芯棒连轧管机组Φ119 mm主孔型系钢管的单机架轧制过程进行数值模拟仿真,研究轧制过程中不同工艺参数对金属变形行为的影响,分析产生壁厚收缩缺陷的倾向性。结果表明：孔型顶部的壁厚压下量一定时,孔型开口处壁厚随空减坯径壁比的增大由＂增壁＂变为＂减壁＂,并且存在一临界径壁比;径壁比一定时,孔型开口处壁厚变化随压下量的增大由＂增壁＂变为＂减壁＂,并存在临界压下量;径壁比、压下量均一定时,单机架轧制高钢级时孔型开口处壁厚值相对较大。     

“一次过加工”技术的发展及应用

介绍了“一次过加工”技术的概念,分析了超高速切削、磨削,电解、电火花、精锻、精铸的“一次过加工”技术特点,对其适用场合、相互关系和应用前景做了较为详细的阐述。     

立辊双半径孔型设计

介绍了焊管机组成型立辊双半径孔型设计的作图法，推导出该孔型设计的两个关键公式（　值的确定），供孔型设计及制造加工时参考。