Breaking Symmetries and Constraints: Transitions from 2D to 3D in Passive Walkers

The inherent dynamics of bipedal, passive mechanisms are studiedto investigate the relation between motions constrained to two-dimensional (2D)planes and those free to move in a three-dimensional (3D) environment. Inparticular, we develop numerical and analytical techniques usingdynamical-systems methodology to address the persistence and stabilitychanges of periodic, gait-like motions due to the relaxation ofconfiguration constraints and the breaking of problem symmetries. Theresults indicate the limitations of a 2D analysis to predictthe dynamics in the 3D environment. For example, it is shownhow the loss of constraints may introduce characteristically non-2Dinstability mechanisms, and how small symmetry-breaking terms may result inthe termination of solution branches.     

声表面波谐振器无源无线传感虚拟仪器系统

分析了在通用硬件平台上结合软件设计的声表面波谐振器无源无线传感虚拟仪器系统。该系统通过设计虚拟仪器实现部分硬件功能,控制闭环系统实现自动检测,并采用数字信号处理方法提高检测系统的精度,从而避免了通常的复杂硬件系统,降低硬件成本,并使检测更灵活。本文介绍了设计原理和系统构成,并对系统的误差进行了分析。实验表明:该仪器系统能够达到5m的无线检测距离。     

A new instrument for passive remote sensing: 2. Measurement of leaf and canopy reflectance changes at 531 nm and their relationship with photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence

A previously described passive remote sensing fluorimeter (see companion paper) was modified to detect changes in the reflectance of vegetation. The utility of this remote sensing technique to measure the Physiological Reflectance Index (PRI) is shown at both leaf level under laboratory conditions and at the canopy level in the field. PRI, defined as the relative changes in reflectance at 531 nm with respect to those at 570 nm (PRI=R531−R570/R531+R570), is related to xanthophyll-related, dynamic changes of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. The robustness of this relationship by simultaneous remote sensing of PRI and chlorophyll fluorescence is strengthened. At the leaf level, the existence of two kinetically distinct components of PRI is shown. A fast (within seconds) component that is partly attributed to ΔpH induced chloroplast shrinkage, and a slow (within minutes), main component that is related to xanthophyll de-epoxidation, as demonstrated by its disappearance in the presence of DTT. Overall, PRI correlated better with non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) than with any other measured parameter, including the photochemical efficiency of PSII. Finally, at the canopy level and under field conditions, it is shown that PRI can be a useful tool for remote sensing of water stress in grapevines.     

Feedback passivity of nonlinear discrete-time systems with direct input-output link

This paper is devoted to the study of the feedback passivity property in nonlinear discrete-time systems. The relative degree and zero dynamics of the non-passive system are related to the feedback passivity of the system. Two main results are presented. First, some relative degree-related properties of passive systems in general form are stated. Second, sufficient conditions in order to render a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system passive by means of a static state feedback control law are obtained.     

发展无严重事故风险核电站的曙光具有完全非能动安全冷却系统的压水堆核电站

本文提出了用自然力直接触发启动压水堆核电站一整套完全非能动的停堆安全冷却系统.这里的自然力主要是指一回路运行工况转换时由于其压力分布变化所形成的压差力.在这一系统中,当进行停堆或发生某种一回路事故工况时,相应的安全冷却系统便自然地投入运行,立即缓解事故后果,将事故时一回路释放的能量及堆芯余热非能动地排入最终热阱.在全过程中不依靠自动控制系统、能动设备及任何人为因素的介入,即可确保对堆芯余热无限期的安全冷却能力,完全避免压水堆核电站发生向环境泄漏放射性物质的严重事故,排除对核电站周围居民进行事故疏散的必要性,彻底解除公众对核电安全的疑虑.实施本文中提出的压水堆核站完全非能动停堆安全冷却系统,完全立足于采用现有成熟技术,因而在近期内即可应用于无严重事故风险新型第三代压水堆核电站的设计与对现有第二代压水堆核电站的技术改造项目.立足于现有压水堆核电站的运行经验,只要进一步采用完全非能动原则,实现固有安全,排除严重事故风险,那么压水堆核电站在近期内即能够成为电网的主要支柱,为破解全人类所面临的严酷环境问题做出重大贡献.     

Analysis of SBO-ATWS Accident and Natural Circulation Capacity of DHR-200 Pool Type Low Temperature Heating Reactor

DHR-200 Pool Type Low Temperature Heating Reactor (DHR-200) was designed with natural circulation flap valve. In order to examine the safety of the DHR-200, the RELAP5 code was used to analyze the transient thermal-hydraulic characteristics and the natural circulation capacity under the station blackout anticipated transient without scram (SBO-ATWS). The results show that DHR-200 has enough negative temperature reactivity feedback effect. With the rising of the temperatures of the fuel and the coolant, finally the reactor can be shut down by the effect of the negative temperature reactivity feedback effect. After the accident, the natural circulation flap valve will be opened by passive means to establish a stable natural circulation, and then the residual heat of the core can be removed to pool of the reactor. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the DHR-200 has good inherent safety features.     

二次侧非能动余热排出系统流动不稳定性研究

二次侧非能动余热排出（ASP）系统是压水堆核电厂应对全厂断电事故的重要措施之一。为研究ASP系统的运行特性,设计建造了ASP系统试验装置（ASPTF）。在ASPTF上开展了ASP系统运行稳定性影响试验,并对试验结果进行了理论分析。试验研究与理论分析结果表明：低压低功率下ASP系统中出现流动不稳定性;增加蒸汽管线或回水管线阻力系数可抑制ASP系统出现流动不稳定性;降低加热功率时ASP系统更易出现流动不稳定性;主泵运行状态影响ASP系统的输入功率进而影响系统的流动不稳定性。     

EPON技术在智能变电站状态监测和视频监控系统中的应用

以太无源光网络（ethernet passive optical network,EPON）是一种新型的光纤接入网络技术,它具有低成本、高带宽、电磁干扰小、扩展性强、兼容性强等特点。在智能变电站中状态监测和视频监控系统数据量较大、实时性要求较低。采用EPON技术构建站内状态监测与视频监控系统,能够有效地解决出口带宽分配问题,且无需使用交换机,大大节省网络建设投资与全寿命周期维护成本,是智能变电站状态监测和视频监控系统有效的新型组网方案。分析了智能变电站状态监测和视频监控系统应用EPON技术的可行性,并提出220kV智能变电站EPON网络构建方案,为智能变电站状态监测和视频监控系统的数据传输提供了一种新型方案。     

基于三点工况下的无源滤波器组优化设计

无源滤波器组的参数设计通常均针对系统单一工况(通常为最大工况)进行。当系统运行在其他工况时,有可能无论退出哪一组滤波器的运行均无法同时满足系统的无功补偿和谐波治理要求。为此基于系统的3种典型工况(最大、平均和最小工况)对无源滤波器组进行优化设计,确定合理参数,以在最小的投资费用下达到谐波治理与无功补偿的最优匹配。算例结果验证了该方法的可行性。     

多个TDMA目标联合时差测距与定位算法

根据TDMA系统时间同步特征,利用多个目标时隙信号的时间关系,提出一种两目标联合时差测距算法和多目标加权最小二乘测距算法,并实现多个目标的定位。该算法能够消除传统时差定位算法中的模糊和无解情况,由于利用所有目标的时差信息对目标进行定位,在多目标情况下提高了目标定位的精度。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。