各向异性岩体条件下的地应力计算程序

为了研究岩体的各向异性性质对于地应力测量的影响，本文根据广义平面应变理论，编制了应力解除法地应力测量的计算程序，其例的结果表明，各向异性对地应力测量计算结果的影响十分显著。     

T1相(Al2CuLi)对铝锂合金各向异性的贡献

在分析T1相基本特性的基础上，结合相关工作，论述T1相与位错的交互作用、T1相与结构的相互影响、T1相对合金各向异性的贡献及稀土Ce的作用。结果表明，T1相因其分布及形貌而难以有效阻碍共面滑移；T1相对形变织构的形成起调整作用；织构的存在使T1相的分布及其与位错的作用发生变化，从而使其强化贡献具有各向异性。Ce影响形变织构的形成和合金的时效析出，并对共面滑移具有双重作用，从而改变T1相强化的各向异性。     

Estimate of Stress-Strain State of Rocks in the Area of Drilling Kola Ultradeep Well

The values of horizontal tectonic stresses are estimated up to depth of 11 500 m by the measurement of velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves in rock samples extracted from various depths when drilling Kola Ultradeep Well.     

丙烯酸树脂分子量及其分布的测定

建立了液相凝胶渗透色谱法（ GPC）测定丙烯酸树脂分子量及其分布的方法。利用不同分子量分子在凝胶色谱中有不同的保留时间,使用了5种高分子单分散性标准品,根据其保留时间与分子尺寸关系,建立线性拟合校正曲线,快速、高效地获得高分子化合物数均分子量、重均分子量等多种平均分子量。以四氢呋喃作为流动相,使用RID检测器。数均分子量RSD=0.413％,重均分子量RSD=0.367％,线性拟合曲线,相关系数r=0.994。结果表明,该方法简便、准确,适用于丙烯酸树脂分子量及其分布的测定。     

Partial oxidation of methane in hollow‐fiber membrane reactors based on alkaline‐earth metal‐free CO2‐tolerant oxide

The U‐shaped alkaline‐earth metal‐free CO₂‐stable oxide hollow‐fiber membranes based on (Pr_0.9La_0.1)₂(Ni_0.74Cu_0.21Ga_0.05)O_4+δ (PLNCG) are prepared by a phase‐inversion spinning process and applied successfully in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas. The effects of temperature, CH₄ concentration and flow rate of the feed air on CH₄ conversion, CO selectivity, H₂/CO ratio, and oxygen permeation flux through the PLNCG hollow‐fiber membrane are investigated in detail. The oxygen permeation flux arrives at approximately 10.5 mL/min cm² and the CO selectivity is higher than 99.5% with a CH₄ conversion of 97.0% and a H₂/CO ratio of 1.8 during 140 h steady operation. The spent hollow‐fiber membrane still maintains a dense microstructure and the Ruddlesden‐Popper K₂NiF₄‐type structure, which indicates that the U‐shaped alkaline‐earth metal‐free CO₂‐tolerant PLNCG hollow‐fiber membrane reactor can be steadily operated for POM to syngas with good performance. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3587–3595, 2014     

吸附制冷用混合吸附剂导热性能的研究

用水溶液挤压法制备了24个CaCl2/ENG成型混合吸附剂样品,利用目前闪光扩散法测量导热系数最先进的仪器——LFA447激光导热仪对样品进行了导热系数的测试。研究表明:挤压法制备的样品垂直于压力方向上的导热系数高于平行于压力方向上的,大约是其1.1~1.2倍,具有各向异性;在一定范围内,随着固化密度的增加导热系数不断增加,随着氯化钙和膨胀石墨质量比的减小导热系数也不断增大;在氯化钙和ENG的质量比为2∶1,固化密度从600kg/m3增加到700kg/m3的过程中导热系数增加得最为明显,固化密度和膨胀石墨的含量对成型吸附剂样品的导热系数的影响有耦合作用。     

Correlation of the loss in photovoltaic module performance with the ageing behaviour of the backsheets used

The influence of the type of backsheet on the electrical performance of test modules was evaluated before and after increasing time of accelerated ageing (damp heat [DH] exposure). Besides the measurement of the electrical power of the modules and the performance of the cells by electroluminescence, the ageing‐induced changes within the polymeric encapsulate and backsheets were investigated by means of vibrational spectroscopy and by thermo analytical methods. In addition, the permeability of the backsheets in the original and aged state was determined. This wide set of test parameters and methods allowed for the detection of correlations between (i) physical and chemical properties as well as their ageing‐induced changes of the materials and (ii) the module performance. A clear dependence of the relative loss in power output upon exposure under DH conditions for 2000 h could be observed for a set of identical test modules varied in composition only in the type of back cover used. While the modules containing gas‐tight backsheets and glass experienced only little loss in the relative power output, some modules with permeable backsheets showed a significant relative decrease in the power output and fill factor in dependence of the backsheet type used. Cell degradation could be visualised by recording electroluminescence images before and after the accelerated ageing test. The permeation properties of the backsheet used and their ageing‐induced changes seem to have an influence on the module performance. However, the absolute values neither of the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) nor of the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) are directly linked to the loss in power output upon accelerated ageing under DH conditions. It could be shown that the ageing‐induced changes (relative transmission rates) between WVTR and OTR can be correlated with the module performance. These ageing‐induced changes in the permeation behaviour of the backsheets can be explained by (i) physical changes (e.g. post‐crystallisation, changes in the crystal structure or the crystalline microstructure) and (ii) chemical ageing effects such as a decrease in the molecular mass of the polyester (PET) polymer chains because of hydrolytic polymer degradation leading to a change in the crystallisation behaviour of PET. Hydrolytic degradation (= chemical ageing) of the PET core layer was observed (with varying extent) for all PET‐based backsheets and can, thus, not be directly correlated with the loss in performance of the corresponding test modules. The physical ageing effects, however, were detected only for those backsheets showing (i) strong deviating changes in the relative permeation rates for oxygen and water vapour upon accelerated ageing and (ii) a clear loss in electrical performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石表面形态的各向异性及其摩擦特性研究

岩体的力学性质取决于岩块的强度、岩块的表面形态和岩块的几何组合结构,通过对砂岩、泥岩破裂面及其互层接触的摩擦试验,分析了不同接触面的剪应力一位移变化规律,提取了摩擦试验中样品的表面形态参数,研究了砂岩、泥岩在摩擦前后破裂面表面形态的变化,分析了它们的粗糙度及其起伏特性在摩擦前后的变化规律,研究了岩石表面形态的各向异性和岩石摩擦强度的关系．结果表明：岩石破裂面的力学行为具有各向异性特征,而这种特征不但取决于破裂面的空间形貌,即破裂面形貌自身的各向异性,而且还和摩擦面相对移动的方向有关．     

托甫台地区TP327井区一间房组Q各向异性分析

碳酸盐岩储层中,裂缝和溶洞为主要储集空间,同时裂缝也是油气运移的主要通道,因此识别裂缝系统对于碳酸盐岩储层的评价尤为重要.以塔里木盆地托甫台地区TP327井区中奥陶统一间房组为研究对象,通过分析环状VSP数据的Q各向异性,描述了裂缝的发育情况.针对VSP井中检波器在目的层之上的情况,提出了一种将叠前初至波和反射波相结合...     

三维连续体结构仿生拓扑优化新方法

Wolff法则是指骨骼通过重建/生长,保证骨小梁方向趋于与主应力方向一致以不断地适应它的力学环境。根据Wolff法则,建立了一种新的拓扑优化的准则法。该方法的基本思想是:(1)将待优化的结构看作是一块遵从Wolff法则生长的骨骼,骨骼的重建过程作为三维连续体结构寻找最优拓扑的过程;(2)用构造张量描述正交各向异性材料的弹性本构;(3)重建规律为结构中材料的更新规律。通过引入参考应变区间,材料更新规律可解释为:设计域内一点处主应变的绝对值不在该区间时,该点处构造张量出现变化;否则,构造张量不变化,该点处于生长平衡状态。(4)当设计域内所有点都处于生长平衡状态时,结构拓扑优化结束。采用各向同性本构模型,即令二阶构造张量与二阶单位张量成比例,分析三维结构拓扑优化。实例进一步验证基于Wolf法则的连续体结构优化方法的正确性和可行性。