Synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamidegrafted sodium alginate membranes for pervaporation separation of water + isopropanol mixtures

Polyacrylamide‐grafted‐sodium alginate copolymers were prepared by persulfate‐induced radical polymerization by using polymer‐to‐monomer ratios of 2 : 1 and 1 : 1. Polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and viscosity. Membranes were prepared from the polymers, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, and used in the pervaporation separation of water + isopropanol mixtures at 30°C. Equilibrium swelling experiments were performed for mixtures containing 10 to 80 mass % of water in the feed. Both the grafted copolymer membranes were ruptured while separating 10 mass % of water in the feed mixture. However, beyond 20 mass % of water in the feed mixture, flux increased with increasing grafting ratio, while selectivity decreased. Pervaporation separation experiments were carried out at 30, 40, and 50°C for 20 mass % of water in the feed mixture. By increasing the temperature, flux increased, whereas selectivity decreased. Arrhenius activation parameters for pervaporation and diffusion decreased with increasing grafting ratio of the membranes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2030–2037, 2004     

Compatibility of PTET‐60/CA blends and separation performance of their membranes for benzene/cyclohexane mixture by pervaporation

Aromatic copolyester of poly(trimethylene‐co‐ethylene terephthalate) (PTET) with different composition was synthesized and the PTET sample with 60% weight fraction of polytrimethylene (PTET‐60) was amorphous. The compatibility of PTET‐60/cellose acetate (CA) blends and the pervaporation of their membranes for separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures were investigated. It was found that PTET‐60 is compatible with CA when the weight fraction of PTET‐60 in PTET‐60/CA blends (W_PTET‐60) is lower than 0.35 and more than 0.5. Both the degree of swelling (DS) and the permeation flux (J) of these blend membranes increased with increasing W_PTET‐60 from 0 to 0.35, and a maximum value of the separation factor (α) displayed at W_PTET‐60 = 0.25. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 102: 2832–2838, 2006     

疏水白炭黑填充PDMS-PA复合膜的渗透汽化性能

在聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)层中引入疏水性气相法白炭黑,制成填充的硅橡胶-聚酰胺(PDMS-PA)多层复合膜;通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了填充复合膜的截面形态,并考察了填充复合膜的渗透蒸发性能。结果发现,以PDMS层的质量为基准,填充少量的疏水性气相法白炭黑就能显著影响复合膜的渗透性能;填充复合膜的渗透通量随着白炭黑用量的增加而增加,而选择性则没有显著降低。在40℃、乙醇质量分数为5%的乙醇水溶液中,白炭黑质量分数为20%的PDMS-PA复合膜的渗透通量达到2 400 g/m2.h,比非填充复合膜的渗透通量高1倍多;而分离因子为7,稍低于非填充复合膜的8.5。此外,填充复合膜和非填充复合膜的分离性能对温度和浓度变化的依赖关系一致。     

渗透汽化技术在液体分离中的研究新进展

渗透汽化是近年膜科学研究中最活跃的领域之一,在分离液体混合物,尤其是痕量、微量物质的移除,近、共沸物质的分离等方面有独特优势。简要介绍了渗透汽化技术的历史及发展过程,着重介绍了近几年渗透汽化技术在液体分离方面的研究进展。从研究结果来看,从水溶液中分离有机物研究主要集中在醇、酯的分离。在有机物脱水方面,开发出了选择性更好、渗透量更高的膜,乙醇脱水也有不少新的研究成果。特别是在有机混合物分离方面,取得了长足的进展,可以分离更多的有机物。     

二次生长法制备NaA型沸石膜及其在渗透汽化中的应用

首先采用负压法在氧化铝载体上引入晶种,再通过二次生长法合成了NaA型沸石膜,考察了各种因素对制膜的影响。结果表明,在90℃时反应晶化3h,能够形成最佳的NaA膜层。对于质量分数为90%的乙醇水溶液,所合成的膜的渗透汽化通量为0 19kg/(m2·h),分离因子达300以上。在此基础上研究了渗透汽化温度、渗透液浓度对于分离性能的影响,获得了渗透汽化过程的初步规律。     

Modification of tetraethylorthosilicate crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane using chitosan and its application to the pervaporation separation of water–isopropanol mixtures

Tetraethylorthosilicate crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane was modified by varying the amounts of chitosan. The resulting membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of chitosan content and feed composition on the pervaporation performance of the membranes were analyzed. The modified membranes exhibit simultaneous increase of both flux and selectivity. The membrane containing 15 mass % of chitosan shows the highest separation selectivity of 2991, with a flux of 2.39 × 10^?2 kg/(m² h) at 30°C for 10 mass % of water in the feed. The total flux and flux of water are almost overlapping each other, manifesting that the membranes could be used effectively to break the azeotropic point of water–isopropanol mixture, so as to remove water from the isopropanol. From the temperature dependent diffusion and permeation values, the Arrhenius activation parameters were estimated. The activation energy values obtained for water permeation (E_pw) are significantly lower than those of isopropanol permeation (E_pIPA), suggesting that the membranes developed here have higher separation ability for water–isopropanol system. In addition, difference was negligibly small between the activation energy values of total permeation (E_p) and water permeation (E_pw), indicating that coupled transport is minimal because of a higher selective nature of membranes. The E_p and E_D values ranged between 40.92 and 52.60, and 39.58 and 52.47 kJ/mol, respectively. The positive heat of sorption (ΔH_s) values observed in all the membranes suggests that Henry's mode of sorption is predominant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1380–1389, 2006     

Pervaporation separation of a water–ethanol mixture by PSF–PEG membrane

For dehydrating a water–ethanol mixture by pervaporation, a polysulfone–And poly(ethylene glycol)(PSF–PEG) membrane was prepared. The separation performance of water and ethanol was found to strongly depend on the diffusion selectivity of permeates. On the other hand, the solubility selectivity of water to ethanol showed only minor change with an increasing PEG composition of the PSF–PEG membrane. This study found that the PEG content in a PSF–PEG membrane showed mobility enhancement of pervaporation properties and that the diffusion difference of permeates increased with increasing PEG content. The effect of PEG content on separation performance was a result of the improvement of the permeate diffusion properties of the PSF/PEG membrane. The diffusion difference in the membrane, not the solubility of water–ethanol in the membrane, was the dominant factor for the separation. Suitable PEG content in PSF/PEG membranes can prepare a high‐performance pervaporation membrane. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 2158–2164, 2003     

Pervaporation separation of water‐isopropanol mixtures using polymeric membranes: Modeling and simulation aspects

Pervaporation technique was used to separate water + isopropanol azeotropic mixtures at 30°C using pure sodium alginate, pure poly(vinyl alcohol), and blend membranes of sodium alginate containing 10 and 20 mass % of poly(vinyl alcohol). The membrane performance was studied by calculating flux, selectivity, pervaporation separation index, and enrichment factor. Pure sodium alginate membrane gave the highest pervaporation separation index for all compositions of water. Pervaporation experiments were carried out for 10 mass % containing water + isopropanol mixture at 30, 40, and 50°C. The Arrhenius activation parameters were computed. The PV results have been analyzed by considering complete mixing and plug flow models. Design parameters, like membrane area, permeate concentrations, flux, stage cut, separation selectivity, etc., have been calculated for different feed compositions of water in the mixture. Results are explained in terms of sorption‐diffusion principles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1143–1153, 2005     

Preparation of novel ZSM‐5 zeolite‐filled chitosan membranes for pervaporation separation of dimethyl carbonate/methanol mixtures

Novel mixed matrix membranes were prepared by incorporating ZSM‐5 zeolite into chitosan polymer for the pervaporative separation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol. These membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to assess their morphology, intermolecular interactions, and crystallinity. Sorption studies indicated that the degree of swelling for zeolite‐filled membranes increased with zeolite content in the membrane increasing and the separation selectivity of DMC/methanol was dominated by solubility selectivity rather than diffusivity selectivity. The characteristics of these membranes for separating DMC/methanol mixtures were investigated by varying zeolite content, feed composition, and operating temperature. The pervaporation separation index (PSI) showed that 5 wt % of ZSM‐5 zeolite‐filled membrane gave the optimum performance in the PV process. From the temperature‐dependent permeation values, the Arrhenius activation parameters were estimated. The resulting lower activation energy values obtained for zeolite‐filled membranes contribute to the framework of the zeolite. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

硅橡胶复合膜用于新型白酒风味成分渗透汽化分离

用自制硅橡胶PDMS平板复合膜,分别在30、35、40℃和1325Pa膜下侧压力的条件下,渗透蒸发分离50°新型白酒中的风味物质。实验结果表明,PDMS复合膜对新型白酒风味物质具有良好的选择分离性能:5种酯类(乳酸乙酯除外)和乙缩醛的分离脱除率达100%,对高级醇也有良好的分离表现,乙醛的脱除率也超过87%。将分离后的酒液进行重组,得到较原酒品质更高的新酒,其感官评价大大好于原酒。膜在高浓度乙醇中能保持良好的稳定性,30、35和40℃时,对新型白酒的平均总渗透通量分别可达2297g/(m2·h)、2753g/(m2·h)和3539g/(m2·h),平均分离因子(均按乙醇-水体系计算)分别为5 22、5 22和5 32。