寒区流冰撞击输水隧洞的数值模拟分析

位于西北寒区的长距离输水工程在流冰期输水过程中,不同流速和不同碰撞角度的流冰对输水隧洞衬砌会形成不同程度的撞击作用,导致输水隧洞衬砌产生破损,因此为了研究该地区流冰对输水隧洞的撞击作用,采用了理论分析结合数值模拟的方法。研究结果表明:当流冰速度一定时,随着流冰与隧洞衬砌碰撞角度的增大,其对隧洞衬砌的影响呈现出近似的非线性(多项式)关系;当碰撞角度一定时,随着流冰速度的增大,其对隧洞衬砌的影响呈现出近似的线性关系;综合不同组合工况还可以发现流冰速度对隧洞衬砌的影响作用要强于碰撞角度对其的影响作用,且碰撞角度对隧洞衬砌所受的撞击力及隧洞碰撞区位移的影响较为不明显。     

不同止水帷幕插入深度下基坑降水对周边环境的影响预测分析

我国沿江沿海地区地下承压水分布特征及水文地质条件复杂,该地区基坑降水对周边环境的影响预测分析是技术难题。为研究不同止水帷幕插入深度下坑外地表沉降和坑外水位降深对坑内降水的响应特征,本文以常州地铁2号线某深基坑工程为例,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了基坑降水三维分析模型。结果表明:随着止水帷幕插入比的增大,基坑降水对周边环境的影响范围逐渐减小。定义止水帷幕插入承压含水层深度占其层厚的比值为插入比,当止水帷幕插入比小于1/2时,降水对坑外环境影响较大;当止水帷幕插入比大于3/4时,其止水效果与止水帷幕完全隔断承压含水层时接近,降水对坑外环境影响很小。研究成果为该地区地铁车站基坑止水帷幕优化设计提供良好的理论依据。     

南水北调西线工程方案优化

通过收集调研大量水文、地质、水资源、工程技术资料, 在现有研究基础上论述西线工程方案优化, 提出工程研 究面临的主要问题; 利用多指标比对法, 从西线工程调水断面下移自流方案和抽水方案入手, 通过调水河流可调水 量、环境影响、移民范围、投资费用和经济效益等指标探讨方案的优劣, 论证工程下移自流方案的可行性与优越性。 同时, 为减轻调水对生态、环境、社会等方面的影响, 分析并拟定金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河多年平均年调水总量为 170 亿 m3。研究成果可为未来工程建设决策提供重要技术依据。     

溃坝洪水对构筑物冲击荷载的数值模拟

洪水巨大的冲击力对坝区及堤岸构筑物造成很大的破坏,准确计算溃坝洪水对构筑物的冲击荷载对于建筑物的安全设计是十分必要的。采用有限体积法和中心迎风格式建立了二维数值模型,用于计算溃坝洪水对构筑物的作用力,并将该模型应用于全局溃坝和局部溃坝的物理模型试验。计算结果表明:该模型能够准确地模拟全局溃坝工况下洪水对构筑物冲击荷载的变化情况,而对于局部溃坝工况,本模型的计算结果较为平滑,无法模拟实际水流紊动的过程,但其最大冲击荷载的计算值与试验测量值相接近。相比于三维数值模型,本文所建立的二维数值模型程序简单、计算效率高、计算结果与实测结果总体吻合较好,能够有效地用于预测溃坝洪水对构筑物的冲击荷载。     

The putative Saginaw impact structure,Michigan, Lake Huron,in the light of gravity aspects derived from recent EIGEN 6C4 gravity field model

The hypothetical impact structure in the Saginaw Bay (Michigan, USA, Lake Huron) has been tested by the gravity data derived from the recent gravity field model EIGEN 6C4 (expanded to degree and order 2190, with ground resolution of ~9?km). The following gravity field aspects were used: the gravity disturbances/anomalies, second derivatives of the disturbing potential (Marussi tensor), two of three gravity invariants, their specific ratio (known as 2D factor), the strike angles, and the virtual deformations. These gravity aspects are sensitive in various ways to the underground density contrasts. For the Saginaw Bay area, we confirm that we do not see any typical impact crater in terms of gravity disturbance or the radial second order derivative, possibly because of the thick layer of the ice located at the place and time of the impact. But the “combed” strike angles (one type of the gravity aspects we use) disclose a trace of high pressure to the SE/S/SW of the Bay and may be due to an impacting body. Thus, we provide circumstantial evidence of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.     

Simulation of horizontal slug-flow pneumatic conveying with kinetic theory

Wavelike slug-flow is a representative flow type in horizontal pneumatic conveying. Kinetic theory was introduced to establish a 3D kinetic numerical model for wavelike slug gas-solid flow in this paper. Wavelike motion of particulate slugs in horizontal pipes was numerically investigated. The formation and motion process of slugs and settled layer were simulated. The characteristics of the flow, such as pressure drop, air velocity distribution, slug length and settled layer thickness, and the detailed changing characteristics of slug length and settled layer thickness with air velocity were obtained. The results indicate that kinetic theory can represent the physical characteristics of the non-suspension dense phase flow of wavelike slug pneumatic conveying. The experiment in this paper introduced a new idea for the numerical calculation of slug-flow pneumatic conveying. Translated from Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2006, 27(1): 75–78 [译自: 工程热物理学报]     

南水北调工程规划、环境影响及生态环境保护

论述了南水北调东、中、西三条线路的工程规划、环境影响、生态环境保护及效益。     

水电工程环境影响评价中生态评价方法研究

结合构皮滩水电站和皂市水利枢纽等水利水电工程生态环境影响中生态评价方法和生态制图方法的实践经验进行了总结,其中生态评价方法主要是介绍了采用景观生态学的方法进行生态评价所需的各项生态分析数据的获取方法,生态制图方法分别介绍了利用收集基础图件和GIS技术进行生态制图的两种方法.通过构皮滩和皂市水利枢纽环境生态制图所取得的相关成果完全能满足现行<环境影响评价技术导则-非污染生态环境影响>所要求的基础图件和专业图件的要求,取得了令人满意的分析与评价效果.     

Green hydropower: a new assessment procedure for river management

Hydropower is the most important renewable electricity source worldwide. It shows clear advantages for the global CO₂ balance but creates serious ecological impacts on a local scale. As a consequence, concern for the conservation of natural river ecosystems is growing within society and more people are willing to pay extra for so‐called ‘green electricity’. The definition of ‘green’, however, is not straightforward and customers cannot directly examine the quality of electricity products. Therefore, credible certification of high ecological standards is essential for successful green electricity marketing. In this paper we introduce a new assessment procedure for evaluating environmentally compatible hydropower production. This so‐called ‘Green Hydro’ concept was developed in the context of a multidisciplinary case study on a 400 MW hydropower scheme in the Southern Alps of Switzerland. The concept guarantees both general standards for different schemes operating in different types of watersheds and flexibility for local particularities. We developed an environmental management matrix that considers basic criteria and eco‐investments and covers five environmental areas of concern (i.e. hydrological character, connectivity, morphology, landscape, and biological communities). The ecological perspective is complemented by five management domains (i.e. instream flow regimes, hydropeaking, reservoir and bedload management, and power plant structures). Applying assessment and modelling tools for the Green Hydro procedure showed that dynamic habitat models allowed quantification of the effects of different instream flow regulations at morphologically distinct sites. In this case, morphological restoration could be more beneficial than increasing the minimum flow. The first experience with the Green Hydro certification is encouraging. So far, 13 facilities have successfully passed the certification procedure. They produce a total of 186 GWh green electricity per year, which is sufficient for the supply of almost 40 000 households in Switzerland. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加压气固喷射器输送特性的试验研究

在增压气力输送系统试验装置上,对影响收缩型气固喷射器的工作特性的关键因素做了较详细的研究,试验研究结果表明,气体喷嘴位置和收缩段的收缩角对气固喷射器的最大固体输送量均有较大的影响,此外,气体喷嘴位置以及收缩段的收缩角对收缩型气固喷射器内的静压分布也均有一定的影响。