光催化氧化法降解有机污染物影响因素及其效率提高途径

分析了催化剂类型、污染物性质、反应条件等因素对光催化氧化法降解有机污染物的影响,从催化剂改性、高效光催化氧化反应器及光催化与其他技术联用等方面探讨了提高光催化氧化效率的途径,展望了光催化氧化法发展前景及其工业化应用时需解决的关键问题。     

空中预警机三维图像物体检测模型仿真

在当前的空中预警机三维视觉检测中,在进行高空深层视觉检测中,自然环境中会出现大量的检测物,对需要进行三维视觉建模检测的物体形成阴影遮挡干扰.提出了一种新的空中预警机三维图像物体检测方法.把检测过程中遮挡干扰当成一种噪声因素,根据因式分解的相关理论,建立空中预警机三维视觉模型.根据不同遮挡干扰特征点在空中预警机三维视觉建模过程中所占的比率不同,根据非线性滤波原理,设置空中预警机三维视觉对象图像的像素,构建非线性滤波窗口构成的序列,对该空中预警机三维视觉模型进行滤波处理,去除遮挡干扰.实验结果表明,该算法进行空中预警机三维视觉检测,精度达到要求,有一定的实际应用价值.     

气固错流移动颗粒床过滤器压降特性研究

研究了错流移动颗粒床过滤器操作压降与过滤介质特性、表现过滤气速、颗粒层移动速度和床层粉尘沉积量之间的关系。结果表明，无粉尘沉积时，床层压降可以用Ergun方程计算。颗粒层移动速度的变化并不会造成床层压降的显著变化。除尘过程中，床层内粉尘沉积量随气体中粉尘浓度的增大、颗粒层移动速度的减小而增加，同时将导致床层压降的显著增大。错流移动床除尘操作压降可以用带修正项的Ergun方程计算，其修正项为比沉积率和颗粒层空欧率的函数。在实验数据范围内，该方程的计算结果与实验数据最大偏差小于15％。     

含氮大分子吸附剂的制备及其对Cd(II)的吸附

利用三聚氯氰的温度梯度反应活性,在较低温度下,用多乙烯多胺与三聚氯氰进行亲核取代反应,合成出一种以三嗪环为连接点的不溶含氮大分子颗粒吸附剂(N-MGA),并将其用于去除水体中的Cd(Ⅱ).通过元素分析、FTIR和SEM对N-MGA进行表征,同时对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附进行吸附动力学、等温吸附模型拟合和吸附机理进行研究,考察了溶液pH对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响、吸附剂的吸附-解吸再生循环性能及结构稳定性.结果表明,该吸附剂对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理是利用吸附剂氨基上氮的孤对电子与Cd(Ⅱ)的配位络合作用进行吸附,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温线模型,最大吸附量可达539.1 mg/g,且对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附较为容易,吸附能力较强;在Cd(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度为3636.5和70.0 mg/L时,对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附率分别可达97.5％和99.9％,且10次吸附-解吸再生循环中吸附率维持在97.0％～98.2％,解吸率均在97.6％以上,吸附剂回收率均在92.0％以上.     

Decreasing trends in total suspended solids and cumulative effects of nonpoint source projects in the Cuyahoga River Watershed,OH

Using the US EPA’s Grants Reporting and Tracking System (GRTS), we test if completion of best management practices (BMPs) through the Clean Water Act Section (4)319 National Nonpoint Source Program was associated with a decreasing trend in total suspended solids (TSS) load (metric tons/year). The study area chosen had 21 completed projects in the Cuyahoga River watershed in northeastern Ohio from 2000 to 2018. The 4319 projects ranged from dam removal, floodplain/wetland restoration to stormwater projects. There was an overall decreasing trend in TSS loads. We identified three phases of project implementation and completion, where phase 1 had ongoing projects, but none completed (2000–2004). The steepest decrease in loads, identified as phase 2 (2005–2011), was associated with completion of low-head dam modification and removal projects on the mainstem of the Cuyahoga River. A likely decreasing trend was associated with projects completed in the tributaries, such as natural channel design restoration and stormwater green infrastructure (phase 3). Pairing sediment reduction estimates from projects with the river’s flow normalized TSS loading trend, we estimated that the 4319 effort may account for a small fraction of the TSS load reduction. Other stream restoration projects (non-4319) have also been done in the Cuyahoga watershed by other organizations. However, trying to compile these other projects is challenging in larger watersheds having multiple municipalities, agencies, and nonprofits doing restoration without better coordinated record keeping and monitoring. While a decreasing trend in a pollutant load is a desirable water quality outcome, determining what contributed to that trend remains difficult.     

改性细菌纤维素硫酸酯对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响

以廉价且资源丰富的细菌纤维素为原料,研究制备了改性细菌纤维素硫酸酯吸附材料,并对其进行表征分析。以典型重金属污染物Pb(Ⅱ)为去除目标,考察了不同反应时间、溶液p H和反应温度等对改性细菌纤维素吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响。结果表明:经改性后细菌纤维素的吸附性能有所增加;其对Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量随p H的增大而增加,随温度的增加而减小;吸附过程符合拟二级反应方程和Langmuir吸附等温方程。     

明亮区域的暗原色先验算法

针对暗原色先验算法在处理含有大面积明亮区域的有雾图像时,复原图像会产生严重色彩偏移的不足,提出了一种基于像素点的透射率修正方案.在分析暗原色先验去雾原理以及复原图像色彩偏移成因的基础上,对去雾模型进行推导,使用暗通道亮度与大气光数值接近度及像素通道间数值接近度作为明亮区域判定机制,得出更具普适性的透射率求取方法.明亮区域采用容差机制纠正错误估计的透射率,非明亮区域仍采用原透射率求取方式,并首次将改进算法应用到雪天模糊图像清晰化中.实验结果表明,改进算法使去雾图像清晰自然,可有效修正色彩失真.     

Effects of COD to Phosphorus Ratios on the Metabolism of PAOs in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal with Different Carbon Sources

To elucidate the phosphorus removal and metabolism under various COD / P ratio,a sludge highly enriched in PAOs was used to investigate the impacts of COD / P in batch tests under different carbon supply conditions. Acetate,propionate and a mixture of acetate and propionate at a ratio of 3 ∶ 1( COD basis) was used as carbon sources with the COD / P of 20,15,10 and 5. 0 g COD /gP,respectively. The minimum COD / P ratios for complete P removal were found to be 8. 24 g COD /gP for acetate,11. 40 g COD /gP for propionate and9. 10 g COD /gP for the 3 ∶ 1 mixture of acetate and propionate. Converted to a mass basis,all three cases had a very similar ratio of 7. 7 g VFA /gP,which represented a useful guide for operation of EBPR plants to identify possible shortages in VFAs. The trend in PHV accumulation during the anaerobic period along with the decrease of COD / P ratios suggested that,PAOs may use the TCA pathway for anaerobic VFA uptake to maintain the required NADH production with reduced glycogen degradation. During the aerobic phase,the glycogen pool was reduced but remained enough compared to the requirement for anaerobic VFA uptake,and the synthesis and degradation of glycogen was not the inhibition factor of PAOs.     

负载纳米水合氧化铁活性炭去除水中铅的实验研究

通过共沉淀法制备一种负载纳米水合氧化铁活性炭,研究其对铅的吸附性能、负载前后活性炭的结构的影响,并进行TEM和XRD表征分析。利用动态小柱实验探究不同p H值、进水浓度和空床接触时间对铅吸附能力的影响,同时比较负载前后活性炭处理实际河道水中铅的吸附穿透曲线。结果表明:无定型的纳米水合氧化铁成功负载于活性炭上,负载后的活性炭显著提高了铅的吸附性能,其对铅的吸附容量随p H值、空床接触时间的增大而增加,进水浓度的变化基本不影响铅的吸附容量。以实际河道水为处理对象,得出负载前后的活性炭穿透点运行的床体积分别为1233和11004,显著提高了9倍,表明负载纳米水合氧化铁活性炭可以有效去除实际水体中的铅,具有良好的应用前景。     

MBR-CANON工艺处理生活污水的快速启动及群落变化

为研究全程自养脱氮工艺(CANON)处理生活污水的可行性,在常温膜生物反应器（MBR）中,保持进水氨氮不变,采用逐渐缩短水力停留时间(HRT)的策略在限氧条件下快速富集氨氧化菌(AOB),之后减小曝气量并进一步缩短HRT富集厌氧氨氧化菌(anammox),并通过DGGE技术分析不同阶段的种群变化．结果表明：CANON工艺在78 d内成功启动,总氮去除率达80％,总氮去除负荷RNR达0.95 kg·m-3·d-1;将该工艺应用于生活污水的处理,实现了COD和氨氮的同时高效去除;微生物群落发生了较大变化,稳定运行的反应器中氨氧化细菌为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgariensis．MBR-CANON工艺可以有效应用于常温生活污水的脱氮．