Clean post-processing of 2-amino-1-propanol sulphate by bipolar membrane electrodialysis for industrial processing of 2-amino-1-propanol

2-Amino-1-propanol (AMP) is a key intermediate compound in the production of antibiotics, with increasing demand in industry. In this study, we propose a newly designed bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) system with a novel three-compartment configuration for the processing of AMP from the AMP sulphate solution. The operational parameters were investigated for optimizing the performance of this novel BMED stack, compared to the traditional two-compartment BMED stack in the pilot scale experiment. The experimental results indicate that this novel type of BMED stack offers a better performance for AMP processing than the conventional two-compartment BMED stack. The optimum performance was observed at the current density ranging from 40 to 60 mA cm⁻² and a spacer thickness of 0.70 mm. The corresponding current efficiency and energy consumption reached up to 53.4% and 3.135 kWh kg⁻¹, respectively. The two-compartment BMED stack was found to have a low current efficiency (39.8%) and a high energy consumption (3.864 kWh kg⁻¹). Pilot-scale experiments for an industrial application of this novel BMED stack have been applied, demonstrating that the BMED process is feasible and economically alternative for AMP purification in the industry.     

药用硫酸钙的研制

本文首次报道以贝壳为原料制造药用硫酸钙的实验过程,研究了影响硫酸钙品质的主要因素,指出硫核钙作为片剂辅料的优良性能。     

硫酸钙晶须的研究现状及进展

根据制备原料的不同,对目前硫酸钙晶须的制备方法进行阐述,并介绍了硫酸钙晶须在复合材料、水处理等领域的应用,从而提出了硫酸钙晶须在制备、应用等方面的未来发展方向。     

不同石膏影响蒸养硅酸盐水泥制品强度的机理研究

研究了蒸养条件下二水石膏和硬石膏影响硅酸盐水泥制品强度的机理。试验发现，在蒸养条件（６５℃×４ｈ）下，随着ＳＯ３掺量提高，含二水石膏水泥强度逐渐由高于变化到低于含硬石膏水泥强度。研究表明，含ＳＯ３５％硬石膏水泥水化速率高于含二水石膏水泥，且微观结构更为均匀。通过对水泥石孔隙液相分析推测，两种石膏溶解度大小顺序变化是产生上述结果的根本原因     

Modification of alumina bubbles with ammonium aluminum sulphate

Ammonium aluminum sulphate was introduced to modify alumina bubbles by the wet chemical method. Distribution of ammonium aluminum sulphate, in situ decomposition characteristics, microstructure and mechanical properties of the modified alumina bubbles were investigated by SEM, XRD, BET and by a purposely designed experimental device for the measurement of compressive resistance. Experimental results showed that an ammonium aluminum sulphate thin film was formed on the surface of the alumina bubbles, at the same time, ammonium aluminum sulphate also infiltrated into the flaws and cavities of the alumina bubbles. After heat-treated at 900 °C, the ammonium aluminum sulphate on the alumina bubbles could be in situ decomposed to γ-Al₂O₃ with high activity. The compressive resistance of the modified alumina bubbles was enhanced from 15.6N to 38.7N after heat-treatment at 1700 °C for 2 h.     

硅粉掺合料对砂浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

硅粉是优良的混凝土掺合料,但对其抗硫酸盐侵蚀机理与效果研究不够。本文结合硅粉砂浆抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验研究,提出了“梯级封堵”的改性思路,并对其抗硫酸盐侵蚀效果进行了分析。     

Occurrence of copper resistant mutants in the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa: characterisation and future implications in the use of copper sulphate as algaecide

Freshwater toxic cyanobacteria are an increasing problem to human and animal health. Control of cyanobacteria in water supply reservoirs involves the use of algaecides, such as copper sulphate, usually in a repetitive way. Repercussions of recurrent algaecide treatments on cyanobacteria population dynamics remain still unknown. We studied the adaptation of cyanobacteria to lethal doses of copper sulphate by using Microcystis aeruginosa as an experimental model. A fluctuation analysis demonstrated that copper-resistant cells arise by spontaneous mutations that occur randomly prior to exposition to copper sulphate. The rate of spontaneous mutation from copper sensitivity to resistance was 1.76×10⁻⁶ mutants per cell division. Resistant mutants exhibited a diminished fitness in the absence of copper sulphate, but only these variants were able to grow at Cu²⁺ concentrations higher than 5.8 μM. In addition, copper-resistant cells were significantly smaller than wild-type ones. Warnings on the long-term consequences of repetitive algaecide treatments in water supplies are suggested.     

Optimizing the Effluent Treatment at a Coal Mine by Process Modelling

Abstract:   The water network of a coal mine was audited and simulated by an interactive steady state model and the results were used to optimise the mines water management strategy. Simulation of the interactions showed that calcium carbonate powder could be used as an alternative to lime for neutralization of acid water at a reagent cost saving of 56%. Gypsum crystallization would reduce sulphate concentrations in the neutralization plant by 30% and in the coal processing plant by 60%. The capital cost for a neutralization/gypsum crystallization plant for separate treatment of coal discard leachate and less polluted streams would cost 3.0 million Rand (R), compared to R10.3 million for combined treatment. Only slightly less (8.9 t/d vs. 9.5 t/d) sulphate removal would be achieved during separate treatment. The over-saturation index (OSI) value can be controlled effectively by removing sulphate from the feed water for coal processing. Sulphate has to be lowered to 350 mg/L in a flow of 222 m³/h to obtain an OSI value less than 1. The capital cost of a 222 m³/h biological sulphate removal plant was estimated at R21.8 million (R4.1 million/(ML/d)); the running cost was estimated at R13.7 million/a (R4.10/m³). Pre-washing of the coal would reduce capital and running costs.     

Substrate characterisation for a subsurface reactive barrier to treat colliery spoil leachate

Subsurface permeable reactive barriers (PRB) have been used to successfully treat acidic mine drainage in Canada and offer great potential for doing the same in the United Kingdom. A PRB for the treatment of colliery spoil leachate from a site near Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, has been designed. The selection of the reactive media to be used is of paramount importance, with particular reference to permeability and reactivity. A number of reactive media mixtures containing varying proportions of cattle slurry screenings, green waste compost, calcite limestone chips and pea gravel were prepared and their respective permeabilities and reactivities were investigated. Media mixtures containing 50% 10 mm grade calcite limestone chips showed better alkalinity addition and metals removal than a blank containing 50% pea gravel. A media mixture containing 50% limestone chips and 50% green waste compost showed a 24 h period to achieve maximum addition of alkalinity and maximum removal of acidity and metals. Mixtures containing 25% green waste compost and 25% slurry screenings achieved maximum addition/removal in 4 h. The likely presence of iron sulphide in samples drawn from test vessels during both test runs indicates that bacterial sulphate reduction is occurring in this composite.