生物质基高分子新材料——能源替代的重要方向

在分析能源及高分子材料发展趋势的基础上,对我国生物质基高分子材料的发展前景进行了综述,重点讨论了基于纤维素、木质素和其他林业资源的高分子材料以及聚乳酸的开发现状及生物质基高分子材料在能源替代方面的巨大潜力.     

聚合物基梯度功能材料研究进展

对正在兴起的聚合物基梯度功能材料的研究状况，特别是其制备技术的研究和开发进行了综述，并对其潜在的应用价值进行了展望。利用物质传输原理制备梯度功能材料的方法包括了基于质量传输的溶液扩散、互穿网络、相转变和溶胶一凝胶等方法；而基于能量传输的制备方法涉及到了利用电场能、磁场能、热能、重力势能、辐射能、光能以及化学能等多种方法。同时还对界面聚合、纤维排列、组分含量连续调控、复合共挤、逐层浇注、静电喷涂等基于构造原理所开发的制备技术作了简要介绍。     

高分子金属配合物用于合成碳酸二甲酯的催化性能

研究了以二氧化硅负载聚丙烯腈-丙烯酰胺-金属(PAN-AM-M)配合物为催化剂，在环氧氯丙烷存在下，由甲醇和二氧化碳直接合成碳酸二甲酯的反应活性。考察了反应条件的影响。结果表明，PAN-AM-Zn表现出较高活性，合成碳酸二甲酯的最佳反应条件为：甲醇与环氧氯丙烷的原料配比为4：1，反应温度130℃，催化剂用量2％(反应物料质量百分数)。     

太阳能在游泳池水加热中的应用

以上海城投新江湾体育中心的太阳能游泳池为实例,介绍了太阳能加热系统在游泳池水加热中的应用。对系统的运行效果和经济性进行了分析,指出虽然太阳能的利用具有一定的局限性,但只要方法合理,在一定程度上太阳能完全可以代替常规能源,具有很好的经济效益。     

粘弹性聚合物溶液对残余油膜的作用机理

针对水驱后残余油膜的存在形式，厦油藏孔隙内聚合物溶液粘弹特性，选取具有相继收敛和扩张特性的波纹管模型和广泛用于数值计算粘弹性流体的上随体Maxwell本构方程，建立了由连续性方程、运动方程和上随体Maxwell本构方程、流函数、涡量函数及边界争件组成的较完整的数学模型。通过有效的数值求解，从力学的角度提出聚合物驱在理论上提高驱油效率的机理是：（1）粘弹性聚合物溶液产生的第一法向应力和剪切应力对油膜的携带作用大于相同粘度的牛顿流体产生的剪切应力时油膜的携带作用，从而可携带部分残余油膜流动；（2）粘弹性聚合物溶液与牛顿流体相比，相同流函数值的流线位置发生改变，其波及范围大于相同粘度的牛顿流体。     

提液措施对聚驱效果的影响

油藏数值模拟是研究聚合物驱影响因素的重要手段之一.利用数模方法建立一注四采典型模型,研究聚驱合理的提液时机、不同渗透率级差对提液效果的影响程度以及提液对油井剖面改善情况的影响,为油田提供聚合物驱动态调整依据及有效手段.研究认为:无论单层还是多层非均质地层,聚驱时提液的增油效果均好于聚驱不提液的效果,提高采收率7.25%～8.77%;多层非均质地层比单层聚驱效果差;纵向渗透率2倍级差和5倍级差时,提液最佳时机为整体见效后;10倍级差时,注聚时提液和见效时提液效果相同;对于纵向非均质程度高的地层,高峰期后提液不利于扩大中低渗透层波及体积.     

On the use of a spectrum-based model for linear viscoelastic materials

A new spectrum-based model for describing the behavior of time-dependent materials is presented. In this paper, unlike most prior modeling techniques, the time-dependent response of viscoelastic materials is not expressed through the use of series. Instead, certain criteria have been imposed to select a spectrum function that has the potential of describing a wide range of material behavior. Another consequence of choosing the spectrum function of the type used in this paper is to have a few closed form analytic solutions in the theory of linear viscoelasticity. The Laplace transform technique is used to obtain the necessary formulae for viscoelastic Lame' functions, relaxation and bulk moduli, creep bulk and shear compliance, as well as Poisson's ratio. By using the Elastic–Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle (EVCP), material constants appearing in the proposed model are obtained by comparing the experimental data with the solution of the integral equation for a simple tensile test. The resulting viscoelastic functions describe the material properties which can then be used to express the behavior of a material in other loading configurations. The model's potential is demonstrated and its limitations are discussed.     

Hemocompatibility of lanthanum oxide films fabricated by dual plasma deposition

Lanthanum oxide films were fabricated using dual plasma deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that La existed in the + 3 oxidation state. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a (101) oriented hexagonal structure. Blood platelet adhesion tests and endothelial cell cultures were used to evaluate the hemocompatibility of the as-deposited films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy were employed to evaluate the surface morphology of the blood platelets and endothelial cells on the films. The results showed that the number of adhered, aggregated and morphologically changed platelets was reduced compared to that observed on low-temperature isotropic carbon (LTIC). Endothelial cells culture tests indicated good adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells in vitro. Our study suggests that lanthanum oxide films are potential blood-contacting biomedical materials.     

Hydrogen storage: The major technological barrier to the development of hydrogen fuel cell cars

In this paper, we review the current technology for the storage of hydrogen on board a fuel cell-propelled vehicle. Having outlined the technical specifications necessary to match the performance of hydrocarbon. fue1, we first outline the inherent difficulties with gas pressure and liquid hydrogen storage. We then outline the history of transition metal hydride storage, leading to the development of metal hydride batteries. A viable system, however, must involve lighter elements and be vacuum-tight. The first new system to get serious consideration is titanium-activated sodium alanate, followed by the lithium amide and borohydride systems that potentially overcome several of the disadvantages of alanates. Borohydrides can alternatively produce hydrogen by reaction with water in the presence of a catalyst but the product would have to be recycled via a chemical plant. Finally various possible ways of making magnesium hydride decompose and reform more readily are discussed. The alternative to lighter hydrides is the development of physisorption of molecular hydrogen on high surface area materials such as carbons, metal oxide frameworks, zeolites. Here the problem is that the surface binding energy is too low to work at anything above liquid nitrogen temperature. Recent investigations of the interaction mechanism are discussed which show that systems with stronger interactions will inevitably require a surface interaction that increases the molecular hydrogen-hydrogen distance.