骨料种类对混凝土孔结构及微观界面的影响

基于RapidAir和MAP-BEI测试技术,对比研究了分别以玄武岩、砂岩和灰岩为人工骨料的大坝混凝土内部孔结构及界面特征.结果表明:配合比一定时,灰岩混凝土气泡数量最多,间距系数和平均孔径最小;砂岩混凝土气泡数量最少,间距系数和平均孔径最大,工程中应予以足够重视.界面Ca(OH)2的富集程度受骨料化学属性及物理性能(如长期吸水率)影响.上述3种骨料-浆体界面Ca(OH)2的富集程度为砂岩玄武岩灰岩,界面过渡区厚度为砂岩灰岩玄武岩,砂岩界面性能最薄弱.     

盐冻环境下混凝土的微结构和氯离子渗透性

研究了水灰比、含气量等因素对混凝土在冻融和盐冻环境下劣化的影响,进行了混凝土微观形貌分析和冻融条件下氯离子在混凝土中的传输性试验,分析了盐冻条件下混凝土孔结构变化及氯离子传输规律.结果表明:当冻融循环25次时,盐冻条件下混凝土的质量损失率约是水冻条件下混凝土质量损失率的10倍;在冻融早期,盐冻条件下的混凝土动弹性模量损失比水冻条件下的混凝土动弹性模量损失缓慢;引气混凝土中50"m以上孔径的气泡较多,未引气混凝土的平均气泡间距为引气混凝土的2.5倍;引气能够降低冻融下混凝土的氯离子渗透性,但盐冻后引气混凝土表层有氯离子富集现象,考虑到钢筋混凝土构件的保护层厚度范围,这有可能不利于钢筋的保护.     

饱和砂土动力特性的动三轴试验研究

利用GDS 10 Hz/20 kN双向振动三轴系统,进行了一系列饱和砂土不排水动三轴试验,研究了不同固结围压对饱和砂土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明:动弹性模量随动弹性应变幅的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大;阻尼比随动弹性应变幅的增大而增大,围压对阻尼比的影响不显著,动弹性应变比较低的情况下,阻尼比有随围压增大而减小的趋势;不同围压下砂土的动强度曲线可近似地归一,其振动孔压发展模式与Seed提出的砂土的振动孔压发展模式相同,可以用反正弦三角函数拟合。     

以聚乙二醇/十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂制备MCM-41分子筛

通过将聚乙二醇(PEG)直接引入MCM-41分子筛合成模板剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液中,经脱洗和焙烧处理得到厚孔壁有序介孔材料.选用X射线衍射(xRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和等温吸附(BET)对样品进行了表征,结果显示,添加PEG的合成产物孔壁厚度增加,孔壁厚度可达1.45 nm,孔径尺寸和比表面积减小,有序性降低,低相对分子质量PEG的添加有助于厚孔壁产物生成.     

The relationship between particulate air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China

Background

A number of epidemiological studies have examined the adverse effect of air pollution on mortality and morbidity. Also, several studies have investigated the associations between air pollution and specific-cause diseases including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, little is known about the relationship between air pollution and the onset of hypertension.

Objective

To explore the risk effect of particulate matter air pollution on the emergency hospital visits (EHVs) for hypertension in Beijing, China.

Methods

We gathered data on daily EHVs for hypertension, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide in Beijing, China during 2007. A time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag model was used to evaluate associations between ambient air pollutants and hypertension. Daily mean temperature and relative humidity were controlled in all models.

Results

There were 1,491 EHVs for hypertension during the study period. In single pollutant models, an increase in 10 μg/m³ in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was associated with EHVs for hypertension with odds ratios (overall effect of five days) of 1.084 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.028, 1.139) and 1.060% (95% CI: 1.020, 1.101), respectively.

Conclusion

Elevated levels of ambient particulate matters are associated with an increase in EHVs for hypertension in Beijing, China.     

Concrete filled double skin circular stub columns under compression

Concrete filled double skin tubular (CFDST in abbreviation) stub columns consist of double concentric thin steel tubes and filled concrete between them. Their mechanical behaviors under axial compression were investigated experimentally. Two testing parameters considered were inner-to-outer diameters ratio and diameter-to-thickness ratio. Observed failure modes were controlled by the local buckling of both the tubes associated with shearing failure of the filled concrete. Main discussion is given on confinement effect by the outer tube to the filled concrete strength. Equations to estimate their ultimate strengths under compression were proposed based upon the yielding strengths of the tubes and the filled concrete cylinder strength.     

Devolatilization of wood and wastes in fluidized bed

Experiments were carried out in a laboratory fluidized bed (FB) to characterize the devolatilization behavior of wood and various wastes at temperatures applicable to FB gasification and combustion, i.e. 750-900 °C. The fuels tested were pellets made of wood, meat and bone meal, and compost (from municipal solid wastes), as well as dried granulates of sewage sludge (DSS). Determination of yields of char, condensate and light gas, as well as the composition of the gas and the time of devolatilization during the pyrolysis of single fuel batches was made. A simple model was developed to analyze the mode of conversion of a single wood pellet and DSS granulate, giving insight on the controlling mechanisms during devolatilization. The devolatilization kinetics of DSS was determined by tests using fine granulates. The model was successfully applied to simulate the conversion of large DSS granulates and wood pellets under the whole range of temperatures analyzed.     

洁净煤技术中多孔滤村孔道流体阻力的研究

阐述了洁净煤技术中现有多孔滤材存在的问题,简单介绍了Gasar多孔金属滤材的相关情况,从分析多孔滤材渗透能力的主要评价指标——流动阻力入手,建立了简易的模型,得出了多孔介质孔道中流体阻力的计算公式,理论上证明了Gasar多孔金属滤材在流阻方面的优越性。     

缓蚀剂在高压阳极箔电解扩孔中的作用机理

将高压阳极发孔铝箔在70℃、质量分数为3%的硝酸液中阳极电解扩孔,研究了添加大分子缓蚀剂聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSSA)后高压阳极箔的腐蚀机理。结果显示:添加PSSA后,腐蚀箔减薄量明显降低,质量损失率减小,并孔率降低,520 V化成的比容提高了约23%。隧道孔由孔口大、孔内小的"锥子"状转变为孔口小、孔内大的"垒球棒"状。铝箔表面的电位显著上升,而隧道孔内的电位基本保持不变,从而证明了,大分子缓蚀剂PSSA提高了铝箔表面和隧道孔口附近的电化学反应的阻力,电流主要分布到孔内,加速了孔内的扩孔过程。     

混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性现场测试方法影响因素研究

PERMIT离子迁移方法是目前唯一可现场测定混凝土保护层抗氯离子渗透性的试验方法。研究了混凝土孔溶液中阴离子和饱水程度对于PERMIT测量结果的影响。与氯离子相比,硫酸根及氢氧根等其他阴离子对测试结果的影响可以忽略,PERMIT测定的氯离子渗透性基本不受混凝土孔溶液成分影响。混凝土饱水程度对测量终点时间有显著影响,对电导变化率和氯离子扩散系数测定也有影响,但不显著。