砂岩多步压剪的声发射特性研究

为了了解砂岩多阶段性应力分布特征,进行了多步压剪实验,加载速率分别为0.02 kN/s、0.1 kN/s、0.5 kN/s,并同步采集全过程声发射信号。利用最大似然估计法分析了声发射能量统计分布特征,结果表明:(1)多步压剪试验的能量概率密度函数符合幂定律分布,并满足能量上的幂律无尺度分布;(2)加载阶段与恒压阶段声发射信号量相差较大,跨越能量数量级有所不同,但加载、恒压阶段的概率密度函数与整体概率密度函数具有统一性,并可以用同一个幂值来表征;(3)加载阶段与恒压阶段幂值分布具有相似性,与概率密度函数形成良好对应;(4)恒压状态下的岩石具有流变特征,声发射能量信号在小能量区间服从线性分布;(5)加载后期,由于裂纹的扩展以及成核过程岩石会发生相变,此阶段能量概率密度函数与全过程保持一致,不受之前能量信号影响。     

Ideality analysis and general laws of bubble swarm microflow for large-scale gas-liquid microreaction processes

The flow ideality of bubbly microflow remains unclear even though it is vital for the design of microreactors, especially the ideality of bubble swarm microflow for large-scale gas-liquid microreaction processes. This work is the first time to report the ideality analysis of the microbubble swarm in a relatively large microchannel. The bubble swarm microflow has undergone two conditions: quasi-homogeneous plug flow and liquid phase/gas-liquid quasi-homogeneous phase two-phase laminar flow. Both the deviations of void fraction and bubble velocity from the ideal plug flow can divide into two parts, and the two transition points simultaneously happen at the velocity ratio of 1.25. There exists a critical capillary number to maintain the quasi-homogeneous plug flow, which could be regarded as the general laws for the design of gas-liquid microreactors. Finally, a novel model is developed to predict the bubble velocity. This work could be very helpful for the large-scale gas-liquid microreactors design.     

剪切稀化流体中微粒子聚集行为研究

在化工过程、生物工程等领域中,实现颗粒分离至关重要。通过整合微流控技术、高速显微图像采集技术和数字图像处理技术,探究微粒尺寸、通道流量和液相流变特性对微粒聚集的影响规律。结果表明,在剪切稀化流体羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液中,随着通道流量和颗粒粒径增大,微颗粒聚集位置逐渐向剪切速率较高的一侧偏移;随着CMC质量分数增加,聚集位置不断向剪切速率较低的一侧偏移。利用求解的幂律型剪切稀化流体速度和剪切速率方程,结合对微颗粒的受力分析,证明稠度系数越大,聚集位置越偏向剪切速率较低处;剪切稀化特性越强,聚集位置越偏向剪切速率较高处,说明在幂律型剪切稀化流体中的黏度变化是微颗粒发生特殊迁移聚集行为的一个重要原因。     

Time‐series and extended Karhunen–Loève analysis of turbulent drag reduction in polymer solutions

Direct numerical simulations and statistical analysis techniques are used to study the drag‐reducing effect of polymer additives on turbulent channel flow in minimal domains. Additionally, a new formulation of Karhunen–Loève decomposition for viscoelastic flows is introduced, allowing the dominant features of the polymer stress fields to be characterized. In minimal channels, there are intervals of “active” and “hibernating” turbulence that display very different structural and energetic characteristics; the present work illustrates how the statistics of these intervals evolve over the entire range of drag reduction (DR) levels. The effect of viscoelasticity on minimal channel turbulence is twofold: first, it strongly suppresses the active turbulent dynamics that predominate in Newtonian flow and second, at sufficiently high Weissenberg number it stabilizes the dynamics of hibernating turbulence, allowing it to predominate in the maximum drag reduction regime. In this regime, the stress fluctuations become delocalized from the wall region, encompassing the entire flow domain. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1460–1475, 2014     

Oscillatory shear rheology of dilute solutions of flexible polymers interacting with oppositely charged particles

Fluids with both attractions and repulsions among its constituents can exist in multiple states depending on nature of the interactions. An external flow can induce such systems to transition between the different states, such as the globule‐stretch transition for polymers in poor solvents. Brownian dynamics simulations of a dilute solution of polymers and colloids interacting via short‐ranged potentials are presented. For some values of the strength and range of interactions, compact structures of polymers and colloids are formed. An external flow is capable of pulling these globules apart, causing the polymers to stretch at a critical shear rate. In oscillatory shear, the shear rate can cycle between being above and below this critical shear rate leading to interesting dynamics. These dynamics are quantified using the rheological response in large amplitude oscillatory shear. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1365–1371, 2014     

A review of fracturing fluid systems used for hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells

Hydraulic fracturing has been used by the oil and gas industry as a way to boost hydrocarbon production since 1947. Recent advances in fracturing technologies, such as multistage fracturing in horizontal wells, are responsible for the latest hydrocarbon production boom in the US. Linear or crosslinked guars are the most commonly used fluids in traditional fracturing operations. The main functions of these fluids are to open/propagate the fractures and transport proppants into the fractures. Proppants are usually applied to form a thin layer between fracture faces to prop the fractures open at the end of the fracturing process. Chemical breakers are used to break the polymers at the end of the fracturing process so as to provide highly conductive fractures. Concerns over fracture conductivity damage by viscous fluids in ultra‐tight formations found in unconventional reservoirs prompted the industry to develop an alternative fracturing fluid called “slickwater”. It consists mainly of water with a very low concentration of linear polymer. The low concentration polymer serves primarily to reduce the friction loss along the flow lines. Proppant‐carrying capability of this type of fluids is still a subject of debate among industry experts. Constraints on local water availability and the potential for damage to formations have led the industry to develop other types of fracturing fluids such as viscoelastic surfactants and energized fluids. This article reviews both the traditional viscous fluids used in conventional hydraulic fracturing operations as well as the new family of fluids being developed for both traditional and unconventional reservoirs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40735.     

Immiscible liquid–liquid slug flow characteristics in the generation of aqueous drops within a rectangular microchannel for preparation of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) cryogel beads

The microchannel liquid-flow focusing and cryo-polymerization is an efficient method for the preparation of cryogel beads with a narrow diameter distribution. In order to prepare cryogel beads with expected diameters, it is necessary to get insights in the liquid–liquid immiscible flow characteristics of the flow-focusing fluid and the monomer solution in microchannels. In this work, the slug flow behaviors of two immiscible liquids regarding the preparation of poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) cryogel beads in a rectangular cross-junction microchannel were investigated experimentally by the high-speed imaging method. Correlations of the immiscible liquid–liquid slug flow parameters like the aqueous slug velocity and length, the aqueous slug nose and tail lengths, the water-immiscible slug length as well as the aqueous droplet size were obtained. The pHEMA cryogel beads were prepared under certain flow conditions and the bead sizes were measured by laser particle size analyzer. The obtained correlations were then employed to estimate the bead sizes and compared with those obtained experimentally. The results showed that the present correlations gave reasonable estimations of the mean bead diameters at various conditions and thus, could be useful and helpful in the preparation of cryogel beads with expected size distributions in rectangular microchannels.     

一种无卤阻燃缩合型有机硅灌封胶的研制

以端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷为基胶、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷为交联剂、氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为偶联剂、液体磷酸酯和硬脂酸表面处理过的活性氢氧化铝(ATH)/活性氢氧化镁(MH)为阻燃剂,制备了一种无卤阻燃的缩合型有机硅灌封胶。研究结果表明,加入60份活性氢氧化铝,同时加入15份液体磷酸酯协助阻燃时,能够在保持较低黏度、较好流动性的前提下,阻燃效果达到UL94 V-0的级别。而且进一步深入研究发现,若加入48份活性氢氧化铝和12份活性氢氧化镁复配时,可以达到最佳的前后期阻燃效果,并仍保持较低的黏度。     

Analysis and suppression of hysteresis effect in semi-actively controlled MR-suspension

The semi-actively controllable magneto-rheological(MR) fluid-based dampers have superior potentials inrealizing intelligent vehicle suspension designs, thesynthesis of an effective semi-active controller forms theessential objective[1 -4]. However, the MR…     

复合处理剂FYS-1在油田注聚采出液处理中的应用

复合处理剂FYS-1是针对油田采出液中聚合物含量高、粘度高和油水乳化严重等特点而研制开发的一种非离子型高分子产品.室内和现场试验结果表明,该药剂具有优良的综合处理能力,一剂多用,在油田注聚采出液处理领域具有推广应用前景.