益生菌缓解肥胖形成相关机制及研究进展

肥胖及相关代谢综合征已成为世界范围内的公共健康问题。研究表明,肠道菌群与肥胖的形成密切相关,肠道菌群失调导致脂代谢紊乱、肠道通透性及氧化应激等改变。益生菌(主要包括乳酸菌和双歧杆菌)是一类能对宿主生理功能产生有益作用的微生物,能在肠道中存活并定殖,改善肠道菌群紊乱,进一步缓解肥胖的形成。本文主要围绕益生菌对肥胖的干预作用及相关机制进行综述,以为肥胖相关的研究提供参考。     

猴头菇多糖对胃肠道益生菌生长的影响

胃肠道益生菌群具有促进食物消化和营养吸收、改善肠道微生态平衡,增强机体免疫力等作用。为明确猴头菇多糖对胃肠道益生菌生长的影响,本研究通过在培养基中添加0.3%、0.5%、0.7%的猴头菇多糖,用平板菌落计数法检测保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus bulgaricus)、青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus)3种胃肠道益生菌的生长情况。接着通过体外模拟人胃和肠道环境试验,分析猴头菇多糖对这3种菌在胃肠道模拟环境中的生长影响。结果显示:与未添加猴头菇多糖的培养基相比,随着猴头菇多糖含量的增加,均能够显著促进保加利亚乳杆菌和青春双歧杆菌的生长(P<0.05),0.7%的猴头菇多糖添加量增殖效果最为明显;而随着猴头菇多糖含量逐渐增加,嗜热链球菌的生长量增速放缓,0.5%的猴头菇添加量即达到促进的最大值。7%的猴头菇多糖添加量能够显著增强保加利亚乳杆菌对胃液和肠液的耐受性(P<0.05),增强青春双歧杆菌对肠液的耐受性,显著增强嗜热链球菌对肠液的耐受性(P<0.05)。因此0.3%~0.5%的猴头菇多糖添加量可促进胃肠道益生菌的生长;7%的猴头菇多糖添加量可提高益生菌对胃肠道消化液的耐受力。     

The effect of a commercial probiotic product on the milk quality of dairy cows

Probiotics intended to improve plant health and productivity of pastures grazed by dairy cow are becoming commercially available in Australia. Great Land (GL; Terragen Biotech Pty Ltd., Coolum Beach, QLD, Australia) is one such biologic soil conditioner and spray-on probiotic with a label claim of “acting to improve plant health and productivity.” The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of GL on the milk quality of cows grazing pasture top-dressed with GL. Lactating dairy cows of mixed age and breed (primarily Holstein-Friesian), in their second lactation or greater, and at least 80 d in milk were enrolled and randomly allocated into 1 of 2 study groups: a treatment cow group (n = 98; cows grazed pasture that was top-dressed with GL according to the product label) and a control cow group (n = 114; cows grazed untreated pasture). As required, both groups were supplemented at the same rate with a mixed ration during the grazing period. Composite milk samples were collected weekly from each cow during the study and analyzed to determine milk components. Milk volumes were recorded at each milking using the herd management software of the study farm. Mean differences in the milk component variables were compared using mixed-effects linear regression models. After controlling for the effect of days in milk, cow lactation, and time since a cow entered the study, the treatment cows produced an average of 1.21 L/cow per day more milk (95% confidence interval: 0.34–2.08 L/cow per day) and more milk protein (0.03 kg/d; 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.05 kg/d) than the control cows. Pasture cover and pasture consumption did not differ between the GL-treated and the untreated study paddocks grazed by the treatment or control cows. A limited amount of published data have examined the effect of probiotic pasture treatment on the milk quality of dairy cows. This study suggests that application of such products may be beneficial. The mechanisms associated with this type of outcome remain to be investigated.     

Microbes versus microbes: control of pathogens in the food chain

Foodborne illness continues as a considerable threat to public health. Despite improved hygiene management systems and increased regulation, pathogenic bacteria still contaminate food, causing sporadic cases of illness and disease outbreaks worldwide. For many centuries, microbial antagonism has been used in food processing to improve food safety. An understanding of the mode of action of this microbial antagonism has been gained in recent years and potential applications in food and feed safety are now being explored. This review focuses on the potential opportunities presented, and the limitations, of using microbial antagonism as a biocontrol mechanism to reduce contamination along the food chain; including animal feed as its first link. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

益生菌的功能活性及其分子机理探究的研究进展

文中主要对益生菌的各种生理活性功能划分为加强粘膜屏障、抗菌作用、提高免疫力、抑制肠道疾病、抗肿瘤、降低胆固醇等6各方面进行介绍,并对益生菌的这6个方面功能活性的分子机理作为详细的总结与归纳。最后对益生菌相关研究工作做了简单展望。     

益生菌对生物体内持久性有机污染物和重金属的调节作用研究进展

持久性有机污染物和重金属的污染问题是全球关注的重要问题,其持续暴露会带来严重的生态风险和健康问题。这些污染物具有稳定的物理和化学性质,在生物体和环境中存在持久性、生物累积性、毒性以及较强的长距离迁移的能力而受到广泛关注。研究表明,持久性有机污染物和重金属在生物体内的积累会引起生物体的氧化应激和免疫损伤,破坏肠道微生物群的组成结构,打破肠道菌群的平衡。益生菌能够维持宿主肠道微生物群的平衡与稳定,有效提高生物体的抗氧化能力和免疫细胞的活性。益生菌已被证明能够减少宿主体内污染物的积累、提高宿主的免疫功能和调节肠道菌群的平衡,从而降低污染物引起的毒性作用。因此,本文综述了益生菌对生物体内持久性污染物和重金属毒性的调节作用,旨在为污染物的消减提供理论参考。     

6种益生菌及其添加方式对发酵米酒品质的影响

目的:探究不同益生菌及其添加方式对米酒制作效果的影响。方法:以糯米为原料,通过外源添加鼠李糖乳杆菌BV-77、发酵乳杆菌TSF-331、唾液乳杆菌AP-32、约氏乳杆菌MH-68、嗜酸乳杆菌TYCA-06、干酪乳杆菌CS-773酿制益生菌米酒,对比只添加糖化酶、同时添加糖化酶和酵母以及添加方式(益生菌麸曲和益生菌菌粉)对米酒酒精度、还原糖、总酸和感官质量的影响。结果:酵母对益生菌米酒的发酵有促进作用,可显著提高米酒酒精度和还原糖含量。利用发酵乳杆菌菌粉同时添加用量为200 U/g的糖化酶和0.04%的酵母,在30℃发酵3 d的米酒发酵效果最佳,酒精度和还原糖含量达到最高,分别为7.20%vol和270.00 mg/mL,总酸含量达到最低,为8.40 mL/L,酿造出的米酒口感较为浓郁。结论:发酵乳杆菌是6种益生菌中最适宜酿造米酒的益生菌。     

Organic whey as a source of Lactobacillus strains with selected technological and antimicrobial properties

Twenty‐five strains, isolated from raw, non‐pasteurised, organic whey samples, were identified phenotypically and genotypically. Biochemical tests were performed, and enzyme profiles, antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial properties were investigated. Sixteen strains were identified as genus Lactobacillus. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence, the strains were identified as Lb. plantarum and Lb. fermentum. All of the strains had β‐galactosidase activity, and some of them reduced nitrate content. All strains utilised carbohydrates. The tested strains were characterised by low or average lipolytic and esterolytic activity. Moreover, the strains showed low proteolytic activity which is advantageous for their use as starter cultures for foods with low protein content. Strains Lb. fermentum S20, SM1, SM3, S2R and Lb. plantarum SM5 produced harmful N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase; moreover, the strain S20 produced also β‐glucuronidase. None of the strains produced α‐chymotrypsin. In phenotypic studies, most of the test strains were susceptible to gentamicin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin and erythromycin. Strains Lb. plantarum S1 and Lb. fermentum S4, S7, S8, S10, SM1 and SM3 did not possess any transfer resistance genes. Antagonistic activity of the culture LAB strains was assessed as high or moderate in relation to the indicator strains, with the greatest zones of inhibition for E.coli and the smallest for L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313. This study reveals that the LAB strains isolated from organic whey have high potential for food application. Some strains of species Lb. fermentum (S4, S7, S8, S10) have been identified as the best candidates.     

基于“微生物-肠-脑”轴的肠道菌群参与抑郁症相关研究进展

抑郁症是现代社会较为普遍的精神障碍类疾病之一。抑郁症不仅严重危害人们的生活质量,还因为其高自杀率及致残率给家庭和社会带来巨大负担。近年来国内外的研究表明,肠道菌群在抑郁症的发生和发展中扮演着重要角色,肠-脑通信功能紊乱可能是抑郁症的重要病理机制,“微生物-肠-脑”轴是肠道菌群参与的肠道和大脑双向信息交流的通道。目前相关研究主要集中在抑郁症个体菌群特征和肠道菌群与抑郁症发病关系的探索方面,提示维护健康的肠道菌群可能是抑郁症预防和治疗的新思路。本文对相关方面的研究进展进行总结,以期从“微生物-肠-脑”轴角度为抗抑郁活性物质作用机理研究提供深入解释,也为益生菌在新的抑郁症治疗手段方面的应用提供参考与借鉴。     

浅谈肠道益生菌在食品中的安全性问题

近年来益生菌食品发展迅速,其产品类型及品种日益丰富,但目前其产业还处于发展阶段。益生菌的安全性和功能性评价体系不够完善,质量检验方法有待改进。本文综述了食品中肠道益生菌的分类、鉴定,益生菌的代谢产物,储存条件,益生菌剂量水平与使用时间,益生菌对抗生素的耐受性及感染能力及对人体安全性影响,且举例说明了目前市场上的益生菌产品可能带来的问题,以期为食品中肠道益生菌的研究、检验、监测提供理论参考。