采空区自然发火监测系统的设计

针对现有的采空区自然发火监测方式成本高、易出现故障、维护困难且有线传输方式不可靠的问题,采用无线射频技术和CAN总线技术设计了一种采空区自然发火监测系统,详细介绍了系统的整体架构,主要硬件部分的设计,以及无线通信频率、探头工作时序、无线接收分站工作流程、无线路由控制协议等关键技术的实现等。测试结果表明,该系统组网快速,当两探头间距小于150 m时能够对各监测节点处的温度数据进行实时采集及可靠传输,工作寿命达90 d。     

凝胶燃烧法合成LiCoO2超细粉体的研究

以LiNO3和Co(NO3)2@6H2O为原料,柠檬酸为燃料.采用凝胶低温燃烧技术合成了LiCoO2超细粉体.并利用各种分析技术对柠檬酸和硝酸盐形成的凝胶及凝胶燃烧合成的粉体进行了研究柠檬酸硝酸盐凝胶在350-400℃之间发生燃烧反应,得到黑色疏松粉体X射线衍射分析表明.适当提高柠檬酸在凝胶中的含量.燃烧后得到的粉体晶粒尺寸显著减小未经燃烧的粉体中除含有LiCoO2外.还有CoO,Li2CO3等杂质相.但在450℃下经短时间煅烧后.杂质相消失,其晶相为层状岩盐结构的高温LiCoO2相扫描电镜和透射电镜观察发现.随着煅烧温度的提高.LiCoO2粉体的粒径有所增大.但远小于在相同煅烧条件下用固相反应法制备的LiCoO2粉体.这表明采用燃烧法更适于合成具有单一相结构的,可在低温条件下烧结的超细LiCoO2粉体.     

深度空气分级条件下配风方式对炉内燃烧特性影响的数值模拟研究

借助数值模拟方法对四角切圆煤粉锅炉进行三维稳态数值模拟,观察其炉内燃烧过程,重点对比了在空气分级下不同配风方式对炉内空气流动和燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:底部配风量较多的正宝塔型、均等、缩腰型配风在炉膛底部形成较高切圆且温度较高,主燃区上部风量较小的正宝塔型和鼓腰型配风速度分布均匀,温度偏差较小,倒宝塔型和鼓腰型配风时出口NOx较其他3种配风方式要小。     

燃烧合成三元碳化合物Ti2AlC1-x

采用Ti，Al和C元素粉末为反应物原料，通过燃烧合成法首次成功地制备出了单相三元碳化合物Ti2AlC1-x。实验结果表明：若以“理想”晶体结构化学式Ti2AlC化学计量比为起始反应原料配比，燃烧产物主晶相为Ti2AlC2；以缺碳的非化学计量比(Ti2AlC1-x)为反应原料配比，即Ti：Al：C=3：1．5：1=2：1：0．7(摩尔比)，得到单相的燃烧产物Ti2AlC1-x。从热力学原理的角度探讨了不同原料摩尔配比对燃烧产物相组成的影响机理。     

片状变燃速发射药燃烧性能的数值计算

为研究包覆方式对片状发射药燃烧性能的影响,建立了不同包覆方式下多层片状发射药的物理模型,并推导了形状函数和燃气生成猛度表达式,利用Matlab软件对不同的宽厚比、长厚比及多层结构的片状发射药进行了数值计算;制备了不同长厚比的片状变燃速发射药,并进行了密闭爆发器实验。结果表明,四面包覆和全包覆可以很好地消除临界宽厚比对片状发射药燃烧性能的影响;与两面包覆的片状发射药相比,四面包覆和全包覆的片状发射药能够延缓内层药减面燃烧的时间,其燃气生成猛度的阶跃程度分别提高了1.17%和1.23%,呈现出良好的燃烧渐增性。     

Photocatalytic performance of Fe-substituted ZnAl2O4 powders under sunlight irradiation on degradation of industrial dyes

Using the sol–gel auto combustion method with diethanolamine (DEA) as fuel, a sequence of iron-substituted zinc aluminates, ZnFe_xAl_2-xO₄ powders, including variable Fe³⁺ ion concentrations (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) were effectively prepared. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were employed to examine the structures, chemical bonds, morphologies, composition, surface area, and optical properties as well as the magnetic behavior of the obtained samples. A single-phase spinel structure was obtained for the calcined aluminate powders with different interplanar spacing and crystallite sizes, as revealed by the classification results. The bandgap energy (E_g) of adapted aluminates was in the range of 2.04-3.14 eV, identified as being much lower compared to the pure sample (5.60 eV). Thus, Fe³⁺-substituted ZnAl₂O₄ samples could be successfully photoexcited using both ultraviolet and visible light, as suggested by the results. Examination of how the four main pollutant types decay when irradiated by sunlight was carried out to assess the samples and establish photocatalytic activity. These contaminants included rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl red (MR). The performance of photocatalytic degradation reached 98% after 150 min for all optimal samples of organic dyes. Besides, each of the altered photocatalysts could be recycled and displayed high stability. The S-shaped curve of ferrimagnetism can result in those samples as found by the magnetic measurements, though pure ZnAl₂O₄ displays diamagnetic characteristics. The adapted samples show intense improvement in the remanent magnetization (M_r) when compared to pure ZnAl₂O₄, signifying that magnetic photocatalyst recovery by applying an external magnetic field is easy. Thus, these results offer a convincing sign that ZnAl₂O₄ powders replaced by Fe³⁺ could provide the ability to aid in the ecologically friendly collection of solar energy.     

Combustion synthesis of NbC/ZrO2 composites: Influence of Cr additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties

Composites of NbC/ZrO₂ reinforced with different weight ratios of Cr metal were prepared by dynamic compaction combustion from a blend of Nb₂O₅–Zr–Cr powders. Factors controlling the synthesis process, the microstructure, and the mechanical properties of the samples, such as Cr wt% and the compression loads were studied. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, porosity, and hardness measurements. The porosity value of the sample with no additives was high and reached 31.6 vol%. A sudden decrease in the sample porosity to 2.4 vol % was noticed for the sample containing 3.0 wt% of Cr. A high-density sample with less than 2.0 vol % porosity and maximum hardness of 1038 HV was produced using 5.0 wt% Cr under 300 MPa compression load. Detailed thermodynamic calculations for the effect of Cr additives on the physicochemical properties of the system were introduced.     

NiFeAlO4载氧体制备及煤化学链燃烧反应特性

铁基载氧体是一种具有工业应用前景的载氧体,但存在氧利用率低、在高温下易烧结等问题。虽可通过制备双金属复合载氧体或添加惰性组分改进其性能,但均存在一定缺陷。若将活性组分和惰性材料融入到一个晶体结构制备尖晶石结构载氧体,则可实现利用双金属协同作用提高载氧体活性的同时,利用Al3+提高载氧体的稳定性。采用共沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法制备了具有尖晶石结构的NiFeAlO₄载氧体,考察了制备方法、载氧体与煤质量比对NiFeAlO₄载氧体化学链燃烧特性和循环稳定性的影响,并分析了载氧体对煤转化过程的作用。结果表明,溶胶凝胶法制备的NiFeAlO₄载氧体具有更好的反应性,载氧体与煤质量比为20∶1时,碳转化率为86.7%,远高于煤单独热解时的碳转化率(34%),此时CO₂体积分数为93.6%。对反应前后NiFeAlO₄载氧体晶相结构和形貌进行分析,表明循环过程中经“还原-氧化”后生成的NiO和载氧体颗粒团聚是导致载氧体活性下降的主要原因。相较于载热作用,NiFeAlO₄载氧体在煤化学链燃烧中主要起供氧作用,其不仅会促进挥发分向煤气的转化,且NiFeAlO₄载氧体与焦炭之间也存在固-固反应,利于更多CO₂的生成。     

H2O(g)对富氧燃烧超细颗粒物生成特性影响

为实现富氧燃烧技术的广泛推广,对煤粉燃烧在富氧气氛下的颗粒物排放特性进行了研究。在1800 K管式炉内进行煤焦燃烧试验,研究了富氧气氛下H₂O(g)体积分数(0、5%、10%、20%、30%)对煤焦燃烧超细颗粒物的影响;采用荷电低压撞击器(ELPI+)获得超细颗粒物质量和数量浓度粒径分布并进行分析。结果表明,H₂O(g)对超细颗粒物质量浓度和数量浓度粒径分布无影响,但会导致超细颗粒物的峰值波动。超细颗粒物总数量由最小粒径超细颗粒物决定,5种水蒸气浓度下EL?PI+第1级撞击器收集到的超细颗粒物数量占比均超过65%。超细颗粒物总质量由最大粒径超细颗粒物决定,5个水蒸气浓度下ELPI+第7级撞击器收集到的超细颗粒物质量占比均超过94%。低H₂O(g)浓度会抑制超细颗粒物生成,H₂O(g)体积分数为5%时的抑制作用最显著;高H₂O(g)浓度会促进超细颗粒物生成。这是因为一方面H₂O(g)与煤焦发生气化反应,使煤焦颗粒周围产生还原性气氛,促进矿物质还原为单质,进一步促进矿物质蒸发;另一方面气化反应是吸热反应,会降低煤焦颗粒燃烧温度,同时H₂O(g)加入也导致烟气热容增加进一步降低,煤焦燃烧温度抑制煤中矿物质的蒸发,导致超细颗粒物生成减少,是2种作用相互竞争的结果。此外,H₂O(g)的加入使超细颗粒物平均粒径增大,0~5%H₂O(g)时超细颗粒物平均粒径增大最迅速。     

煤粉炉粉煤灰提取氧化铝活化技术研究进展

介绍了近年来采用煤粉炉粉煤灰作为原料制备氧化铝的预处理活化工艺技术,指出了粉磨法、硫酸法、氯化钙法、铵盐法、碳酸盐法、氟化盐法、物理-化学联合活化法的优缺点及在工程转化过程中需重点关注的环节。虽然部分工艺技术实现了工业化,但因成本高等因素导致项目关停,建议粉煤灰综合利用研究方向应以工程转化难点问题为导向,理论研究与工程设计相结合,逐步探索出一条经济效益好、安全环保的粉煤灰制备氧化铝工业化路线。