基于高通量测序的寒地沼气池微生物群落解析

为实现寒地沼气发酵系统高效、稳定运行,应建立基于沼气发酵微生物群落的复合调控策略．本研究耦合454高通量测序和PCR-DGGE分析方法,对北方规模最大的海林农场沼气池内细菌及产甲烷古菌群落结构进行解析．取沼气池稳定运行期沼液样品,分析系统内微生物群落多样性．结果显示,共获得1 297条高质量微生物序列,在属和种的分类水平上,至少存在581个细菌属和666个细菌种．优势菌群有Firmicutes、 Bacteroidetes 及Proteobacteria,相对丰度分别为46.39％、21.41％和18.98％．优势属(相对丰度>5.0％)包括Proteiniphilum、Spirochaeta和Wolinella．DGGE分析结果表明,产甲烷古菌包括Methanocorpusculum sp.、Methanosaeta sp.、Methanobacterium sp.及Methanosarcina sp.．,表明沼气池的产甲烷途径以乙酸代谢类型为主,水解、酸化过程主要由来自动物消化系统内的细菌完成．     

Analysis of the bacterial community in a laboratory-scale nitrification reactor and a wastewater treatment plant by 454-pyrosequencing

For full understanding of the microbial community in the wastewater treatment bioreactors, one of the feasible and effective ways is to investigate the massive genetic information contained in the activated sludge. In this study, high-throughput pyrosequencing was applied to analyze the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria in a laboratory-scale nitrification reactor and a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. In total, 27,458 and 26,906 effective sequence reads of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained from the Reactor and the wastewater treatment plant activated sludge samples respectively. The taxonomic complexities in the two samples were compared at phylum and genus levels. According to the pyrosequencing results, even for a laboratory-scale reactor as simple as that in this study, a small size clone library is far from enough to reflect the whole profile of the bacterial community. In addition, it was found that the commonly used informatics tool “RDP classifier” may drastically assign Nitrosomonas sequences into a wrong taxonomic unit resulting in underestimation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the bioreactors. In this paper the reasons for this mistakenly assignment were analyzed and correction methods were proposed.     

Source Tracking and Succession of Kimchi Lactic Acid Bacteria during Fermentation

This study aimed at evaluating raw materials as potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB) sources for kimchi fermentation and investigating LAB successions during fermentation. The bacterial abundances and communities of five different sets of raw materials were investigated using plate‐counting and pyrosequencing. LAB were found to be highly abundant in all garlic samples, suggesting that garlic may be a major LAB source for kimchi fermentation. LAB were observed in three and two out of five ginger and leek samples, respectively, indicating that they can also be potential important LAB sources. LAB were identified in only one cabbage sample with low abundance, suggesting that cabbage may not be an important LAB source. Bacterial successions during fermentation in the five kimchi samples were investigated by community analysis using pyrosequencing. LAB communities in initial kimchi were similar to the combined LAB communities of individual raw materials, suggesting that kimchi LAB were derived from their raw materials. LAB community analyses showed that species in the genera Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Weissella were key players in kimchi fermentation, but their successions during fermentation varied with the species, indicating that members of the key genera may have different acid tolerance or growth competitiveness depending on their respective species.     

Technical note: Advantages and limitations of authenticating Palmera goat dairy products by pyrosequencing the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene

Inferring the breed of origin of dairy products can be achieved through molecular analysis of genetic markers with a population-specific pattern of segregation. The goal of the current work was to generate such markers in goats by resequencing several pigmentation genes [melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT), tyrosinase (TYR), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2)]. This experiment revealed 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), including 5 missense mutations and 1 nonsense mutation. These markers were genotyped in 560 goats from 18 breeds originally from Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, the Canary Islands, and North Africa. Although the majority of SNP segregated at moderate frequencies in all populations (including 2 additional markers that were used as a source of information), we identified a c.764G>A SNP in MC1R that displayed highly divergent allelic frequencies in the Palmera breed compared with the Majorera and Tinerfeña breeds from the Canary Islands. Thus, we optimized a pyrosequencing-based technique that allowed us to estimate, very accurately, the allele frequencies of this marker in complex DNA mixtures from different individuals. Once validated, we applied this method to generating breed-specific DNA profiles that made it possible to detect fraudulent cheeses in which Palmero cheese was manufactured with milk from Majorera goats. One limitation of this approach, however, is that it cannot be used to detect illegal manufacturing where Palmero dairy products are produced by mixing milk from Palmera and Majorera goats, because the c.764G>A SNP segregates in both breeds.     

Investigation of bacterial and fungal diversity in tarag using high-throughput sequencing

This is the first study on the bacterial and fungal community diversity in 17 tarag samples (naturally fermented dairy products) through a metagenomic approach involving high-throughput pyrosequencing. Our results revealed the presence of a total of 47 bacterial and 43 fungal genera in all tarag samples, in which Lactobacillus and Galactomyces were the predominant genera of bacteria and fungi, respectively. The number of some microbial genera, such as Lactococcus, Acetobacter, Saccharomyces, Trichosporon, and Kluyveromyces, among others, was found to vary between different samples. Altogether, our results showed that the microbial flora in different samples may be stratified by geographic region.     

Evaluation of in vitro gas production and rumen bacterial populations fermenting corn milling (co)products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics of 2 commonly fed corn (co)products in their intact and defatted forms, using the in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique, and to investigate the shifts of the predominant rumen bacterial populations using the 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) technique. The bTEFAP technique was used to determine the bacterial profile of each fermentation time at 24 and 48 h. Bacterial populations were identified at the species level. Species were grouped by substrate affinities (guilds) for cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, sugars, protein, lipids, and lactate. The 2 (co)products were a dried distillers grain (DDG) plus solubles produced from a low-heat drying process (BPX) and a high-protein DDG without solubles (HP). Chemical analysis revealed that BPX contained about 11.4% ether extract, whereas HP contained only 3.88%. Previous studies have indicated that processing methods, as well as fat content, of corn (co)products directly affect fermentation rate and substrate availability, but little information is available regarding changes in rumen bacterial populations. Fermentation profiles of intact and defatted BPX and HP were compared with alfalfa hay as a standard profile. Defatting before incubation had no effect on total gas production in BPX or HP, but reduced lag time and the fractional rate of fermentation of BPX by at least half, whereas there was no effect for HP. The HP feed supported a greater percentage of fibrolytic and proteolytic bacteria than did BPX. Defatting both DDG increased the fibrolytic (26.8 to 38.7%) and proteolytic (26.1 to 37.2%) bacterial guild populations and decreased the lactate-utilizing bacterial guild (3.06 to 1.44%). Information regarding the fermentation kinetics and bacterial population shifts when feeding corn (co)products may lead to more innovative processing methods that improve feed quality (e.g., deoiling) and consequently allow greater inclusion rates in dairy cow rations.     

Microbial community structure in deep natural gas-bearing aquifers subjected to sulfate-containing fluid injection

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高通量测序分析冷鲜滩羊肉储藏过程中的细菌群落多样性

通过Illuminu测序技术对滩羊肉贮藏过程中菌群的16S rRNA基因V3区进行测序,探讨冷鲜滩羊肉在贮藏过程中细菌的菌群组成,以及随着储藏时间延长其优势菌群的变化。结果表明:滩羊肉在贮藏过程中其微生物菌群变化具有多样性;三个不同贮藏时期滩羊肉的微生物都是由11个细菌门、23个纲、35个属组成,但是不同时期的细菌的丰富度不同,随着储存时间延长,到第8 d时,冷鲜滩羊肉表面的主要类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占71.59%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占23.15%。其中Proteobacteria类群随着储藏时间的增加呈现减少的趋势,而Firmicutes菌群变化趋势与之相反。随着储藏时间变化,滩羊肉贮藏中主要腐败菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter spp.)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter spp.)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacteriaceae spp.)、热死环丝菌(Brochothrix spp.)、乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus spp.)。其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.)是造成冷鲜滩羊肉腐败变质的主要优势菌。