Control of the quality of polymer products in continuous reactors: comparison of performance of state estimators with and without updating of parameters

In the paper the control of the product quality in polymerization reactors is analysed in the presence of persistent perturbations (unmodeled disturbances, modeling errors), as met in industrial reactors. The free radical polymerization of methyl-methacrylate in a continuous stirred tank reactor is studied. It is shown that state estimators (Extended Kalman Filters) with constant parameters cannot give offset free performance. Criteria for the selection of a set of parameters to be updated as additional states in the filter and to evaluate their effectiveness in opposing the action of realistic perturbations are given by an analysis of the linearized model of the system. Performance of different types of estimators, including one and two-time scale filters, with and without updating of parameters, is analysed by simulation on the full order process and the predictions made by previous analysis are confirmed. In the most common case of presence of perturbations affecting the energy balance and the concentration of initiator in the reactor, offset free control of the molecular weight of the product can be achieved by means of a filter which is based only on measurements of temperature and conversion and makes an update of two parameters. In the case that also the kinetic model of the polymerization reaction is affected by errors, a two-time scale filter, which makes use also of Molecular Weight values and updates three parameters, becomes necessary to obtain offset free performance.     

Chemical States of Lanthanum in Carbonized La2O3-Mo Thermionic Cathode Materials

The chemical reaction between lanthanum oxide and molybdenum carbide was studied by thermodynamic calcu-lation, thermal analysis and in-situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The theoretical results show that at the environment allowing for the evaporation of lanthanum, such as in high vacuum, La2O3 in the La2O3-Mo materials can be reduced to metallic lanthanum by molybdenum carbide (Mo2C). To confirm the conclusion, many analysis methods such as XRD, SPS, and TG-DTA were taken. The experimental results show that the chemical state of lanthanum changes during heat-ing. It was proved, for the first time, that reacted metallic lanthanum appears at the surface of this kind of material at high temperature.     

采用荷载平衡的概念表达预应力度及在初步设计中的应用

利用荷载平衡法的概念，将预应力度用等效荷载与外荷载的比值表达，设计可利用其比值确定预应力度，便其更简捷，明确，同时，提出了预应力度的真实值问题。     

浅谈多层建筑的斜屋面结构设计

多层建筑的斜屋面结构，应建立合理的结构模型，选用合理的结构方案，在采用结构软件设计时，一定要正确采用倾斜构件沿水平或垂直方向的荷载。     

计及PMU的混合非线性状态估计新方法

提出一种将同步相量测量单元（PMU）的直接电压相量量测变换为间接支路电流量测，并与监控与数据采集（SCADA）量测量一起进行混合迭代的非线性状态估计方法。对构造等效电流修正量而带来的间接量测误差进行了详细和定量的分析，并对该混合估计算法的精度进行了定性分析和定量计算。理论分析和算例表明，该方法可以获得较高的估计精度，在收敛次数和滤波效果上也有所改进。     

榆林气田低产低效井开发分析评价

榆林气田自1999年投入开发以来,产能建设大幅提高,生产规模成倍增长。随着气田开发规模的扩大,气井数量成倍增加,低产低效井的数量随之增加,对低产低效期间加强研究意义重大。以理论知识为指导,利用开发生产资料对榆林气田低产低效气井的地质特征,开发现状,管理制度,下步开发措施等方面予以分析与研究,提出具体建议或措施;寻找榆林气田低产低效井合理的开发方式及生产模式。     

VERIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF FORMULAS FOR BED LOAD TRANSPORT

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｂｅｄｌｏａｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔｆｅｗｄｅｃａｄｅｓａｎｄｍａｎｙｆｏｒｍｕｌａｓｆｏｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｂｅｄｌｏａｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｒａｔｅｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ(Ｅｉｎｓｔｅｉｎ 1950 ;Ｍｅｙｅｒ Ｐｅｔｅｒ 194 8;Ｂａｇｎｏｌｄ 1973;Ｅｎｇｅｌｕｎｄ 1976;Ｙａｌｉｎ 1972 ;Ｓａｍａｇａ 1986;ａｎｄＫａｒｉｍ 1998) .Ｗｈｅｎａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｓｔｒｅａｍｓｗｉｔｈｐａｒｔｉａｌ…     

Effects of calcination temperature on phase and microstructure evolution of BaTi4O9 powders

Calcining of the mixture of BaCO₃ and TiO₂ with a ratio 1:4 at different temperatures was carried out to synthesize BaTi₄O₉ powders. Phase evolution of the samples was studied using the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Both techniques confirmed that the formation of BaTi₄O₉ started around 1000 °C. The XRD peaks showed that BaTi₄O₉ was most pronounced at 1250 °C. X-ray line broadening methods were employed to study the variation of particle size and microstrain of the BaTi₄O₉ powders. The Voigt function in a single line and the pseudo-Voigt function in the variance methods were used in our case. We found that both functions resulted in the same trends, i.e., the particle size increased with the temperature with the biggest size of 180 and 160 nm, whilst the microstrain yielded the opposite trend with the lowest values of 6.2 × 10^–3 and 1.1 × 10^–3. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed the size of the large particles formed, due to agglomeration, to be about 0.5–1.9 μm. Furthermore, it was shown that irregular shapes of BaTi₄O₉ powders necked to each other appeared at 1000 °C and grew into ellipse and rod shapes at 1250 °C. Electronic Publication     

国有企业党风廉政建设中的问题及治理研究

剖析国有企业党风廉政建设中的突出问题。提出“推进国有企业党风廉政建设运用市场经济原则经营运作是重要途径;加强对企业经营管理者的监督管理是关键;完善法人治理结构、建立企业内部权力制衡机制是重要基础”的观点。