Blast-related fracture patterns: a forensic biomechanical approach

Improved protective measures and medical care has increased the survivability from battlefield injuries. In an attempt to reduce the debilitating consequences of blast injury, understanding and mitigating the effects of explosion on the extremities is key. In this study, forensic biomechanical analyses have been applied to determine mechanisms of injury after the traumatic event. The aims of this study were (i) to determine which effects of the explosion are responsible for combat casualty extremity bone injury in two distinct environments, namely open, free-field (open group), and in vehicle or in cover (enclosed group), and (ii) to determine whether patterns of combat casualty bone injury differed between environments. Medical records of casualties admitted to a military hospital in Afghanistan were reviewed over a six-month period. Explosive injuries have been sub-divided traditionally into primary, secondary and tertiary effects. All radiographs were independently reviewed by a military radiologist, a team of military orthopaedic surgeons and a team of academic biomechanists, in order to determine ‘zones of injury’ (ZoIs), and their related mechanisms. Sixty-two combat casualties with 115 ZoIs were identified. Thirty-four casualties in the open group sustained 56 ZoIs; 28 casualties in the enclosed group sustained 59 ZoIs. There was no statistical difference in mean ZoIs per casualty between groups (p = 0.54). There was a higher proportion of lower limb injuries in the enclosed group compared with the open group (p < 0.05). Of the casualties in the open group, 1 ZoI was owing to the primary effects of blast, 10 owing to a combination of primary and secondary blast effects, 23 owing to secondary blast effects and 24 owing to tertiary blast effects. In contrast, tertiary blast effects predominated in the enclosed group, accounting for 96 per cent of ZoIs. These data clearly demonstrate two distinct injury groups based upon the casualties'' environment. The enclosed environment appears to attenuate the primary and secondary effects of the explosion. However, tertiary blast effects were the predominant mechanism of injury, with severe axial loading to the lower extremity being a characteristic of the fractures seen. The development of future mitigation strategies must focus on reducing all explosion-related injury mechanisms. Integral to this process is an urgent requirement to better understand the behaviour of bone in this unique environment.     

MVR技术在液态奶蒸发系统中的应用

针对目前液态奶蒸发浓缩领域的能耗高、热效率低等缺点,提出了基于MVR技术的液态奶蒸发浓缩系统,设计了基于MVR技术的蒸发工艺流程,介绍了MVR热泵系统的蒸发工作原理;采用单效MVR热泵蒸发系统,对系统主要工作部件进行了设计计算;采用火用分析模型对系统及各个部件进行了能效分析;并对影响系统性能的主要参数:压缩比、蒸发温度进行了分析。应用结果表明该系统具有运行稳定、能耗低等特点;火用分析结果指出了系统在用能方面的薄弱环节及改进系统性能的方向;参数分析表明,当压缩比增大时系统的性能系数η和火用效率减小,而当蒸发温度升高时呈相反的变化趋势,因此,MVR乳品蒸发系统应尽量采用较小压缩比的压缩机和维持较高的蒸发温度。     

基于扩展马尔科夫特征的Seam-Carving篡改检测

针对能够用于图像篡改的Seam-Carving技术,提出了一种基于扩展的马尔科夫特征的Seam-Carving篡改识别算法。该算法充分考虑了Seam-Carving操作导致的图像频域特征的变化,将传统的利用马尔科夫转移概率矩阵求取的图像特征和基于扩展的马尔科夫转移概率特征进行融合,而后利用支持向量机进行分类训练,从而达到有效识别基于Seam-Carving的图像篡改。实验结果表明,提出的方案性能优于传统的基于马尔科夫转移矩阵的特征选择方法以及现有的一些该类图像篡改检测方法。     

JPEG forensics scheme for signature embedding and packet‐level detection

As the volume of multimedia digital information transmitted over the Internet continues to rise, the problem of preventing the unauthorized tampering and dissemination of digital content has emerged as a major concern. Thus, the present study proposes a forensic scheme for tracking the dissemination of copyright‐protected JPEG images over the Internet. The proposed scheme incorporates two basic mechanisms, namely signature embedding and signature detecting. To preserve the quality of the protected JPEG images, the signature is embedded at the application layer. By contrast, the signature detection process is performed at the packet level in order to improve the scalability of the proposed mechanism. For any flows regarded as suspicious, the signatures embedded in the JPEG packet trains are compared with the known digital signatures for forensic purposes. The experimental results show that the embedded signature has no effect on the visual quality of the JPEG image. Moreover, it is shown that the computational complexity of the proposed detection scheme is significantly lower than that of existing application‐level schemes. Thus, the scheme provides an ideal solution for the forensic analysis of JPEG streams over large‐scale network environments such as the Internet. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Digital Image Forensics Using Orthogonal 1-D Objects

The imaging features are shared by all images shot by cameras, the artificial images may break these features. We introduce the image formation model to image forensics. Orthogonal 1-D objects with known scale on either direction are used to estimate the principal point parameter, and the inconsistency of the principal point indicates a forgery. Experiments show that our method can detect cropping and copy-paste efficiently, and it is robust to smoothing, noise and JPEG compression.     

热电离质谱直接测定铀氧化物中氧同位素

本文研究了热电离质谱（TIMS)直接测量粉末状铀氧化物中氧同位素的方法,涉及主要测量条件包括环境中氧、样品带材料、样品颗粒大小和测量方式等对测量结果的影响。对仪器的相关测量参数进行了优化,并建立了TIMS直接测量粉末状铀氧化物中¹⁸O、¹⁶O原子个数比的方法。对TIMS法与经典测量氧同位素的氧化法的测量结果进行了比较,两者的相对偏差为0.2%。TIMS法的¹⁸O、¹⁶O原子个数比测量精度优于0.28%。     

一种基于闪存物理镜像的FAT文件系统重组方法

文件系统重组是闪存设备取证研究进行数据恢复的主要手段.传统的文件系统重组方法需要同时获取闪存设备在同一时刻的逻辑镜像和物理镜像,该条件在取证实践中常常难以满足,故提出一种仅依赖闪存物理镜像重组文件分配表(FAT)文件系统的方法.在引入统计分析法从物理镜像中提取逻辑地址字段和页状态字段的基础上,给出利用最新页状态值准确重组闪存设备最新FAT文件系统镜像的算法.最后以MTK6229闪存设备物理镜像的FAT文件系统重组过程为例,验证上述重组算法及相关方法是正确的.     

音频盲取证中一种基于EM的重采样检测方法

盲取证指针对篡改信号无需添加任何附加信息就可鉴别出信号的真伪,而音频篡改中篡改者经常利用重采样以达到更好的篡改效果,因此重采样检测作为音频盲取证的重要组成部分得到了高度的重视。对信号的重采样会引入相关性,这种相关性是周期出现的,本文通过基于期望最大化的检测方法揭示这种相关性,并通过判断这种相关性是否呈现周期性达到检测目的。在检测流程中采取了奇异防止、低频段去除、归一化三阶原点矩等措施,达到了更好的检测效果。实验验证了该方法对于各种插值函数的鲁棒性,以及不同重采样率下和音频拼接篡改时检测的有效性。     

基础工程技术发展综述

城市化进程和地下空间开发的需求,给我国基础工程技术提出了新的研究方向和课题。在对国内外基础工程技术分析总结的基础上,重点对我国在同一大面积整体基础上建有多栋高层建筑或多层建筑的地基基础设计方法、基础变刚度调平设计方法、深大基础回弹以及再压缩变形特征及计算方法、基础结构抗浮设计、桩基工程新技术、既有建筑地基基础的工作性状及工程应用方法、地铁交通枢纽工程的地基基础加固改造等技术成果进行介绍。这些成果体现出我国基础工程技术的特点和技术先进性。结合国外技术的发展,提出我国基础工程技术应在大跨地下结构的设计理论、方法和按变形控制设计、深基坑施工引起环境影响的评价方法及工程措施、深大地下建筑建设对已有周边建筑设计条件以及使用条件改变引起的基础设计评价方法及加固技术、基础工程的抗浮稳定性的设防水平及抗浮构件设计、地下交通线路施工或穿越工程以及地下使用功能实现引起的有关基础工程技术研究、基础耐久性问题的研究、新材料、新工艺、新设备的使用以及绿色施工技术的研发、基础工程技术发展应进行的试验研究工作等方面的研究方向和课题。     

铁路客运专线制梁场取证对设备管理的要求

结合工作实践,探讨了铁路客运专线制梁场取证对设备管理的要求,指出制梁场设备必须满足最大生产能力、生产精度需要,以强化设备管理工作,提高工作效率。