Real-time heating and power characterization of cells in standard cell designs

In today's digital electronic integrated circuits device heating is one of the most critical issues. Overheating can cause failures in functionality and device malfunction. In certain circumstances overheating of ICs can cause physical destruction of the device itself. This paper introduces a solution to determine cell and gate heating curves across the standard cell IC's surface. The presented methodology and toolset is tightly integrated into standardized logic simulator engines thus providing digital circuit designers a low-level, cell-resolution temperature distribution map during logic simulations. Actual temperatures of each consisting cell of the design can be monitored throughout the whole logic simulation. By being able to monitor temperatures of digital cells during initial simulations, it allows us to detect hot-spots and overheating caused malfunctions far before manufacture. By using the spatial location and temperature magnitude of hot-spots acquired from the presented methodology, place and route (P&R) tools can be driven to change cell placement and routing in order to avoid heating caused failures. Additionally, cooling solutions can be developed using the simulated temperature maps of the IC's surface. This paper also presents various aspects of power characterization methods which were used throughout the experiments.     

二苯甲胺缩水杨醛类Schiff碱的合成及其表征

以二苯甲酮为原料经过酰胺化、还原、水解得二苯甲胺盐酸盐,再与水杨醛及其衍生物5-氯水杨醛反应,生成了两种二苯甲胺缩水杨醛类Schiff碱。其中二苯甲胺盐酸盐的酰化最佳反应条件为:回流温度控制在140℃,时间为20h,收率为89%;目标产物总收率均为97%以上,并利用IR、MS、1 H NMR、UV-vis及荧光光谱等方法对产物进行了表征。     

超细分子筛的合成和应用

综述了近年来超细沸石分子筛的合成及其结构－性能表征方面的进展，并简介超细分子筛材料在催化领域中的应用。     

Effect of NiCrAlY platelets inclusion on the mechanical and thermal shock properties of glass matrix composites

NiCrAlY platelets modified glass matrix composites were prepared. Their microstructures were characterized, their Young's modulus, fracture strength in bending, Vickers hardness, and indentation toughness were measured, and their thermal shock resistance was studied using quenching-strength and indentation-quench methods. With increasing NiCrAlY content, evident enhancements of the Young's modulus and indentation toughness were obtained. The NiCrAlY alloy inclusion could exert significant influences on the retained bending strength of the samples after quench tests, from 9.6 MPa for NiCrAlY-free glass to 32.0 MPa for 30 wt.% NiCrAlY-containing composites. The indentation-quench tests showed that NiCrAlY alloy inclusion elevated the critical quenching temperatures for propagation of pre-crack, from 150 °C for NiCrAlY-free glass to 225 °C for 30 wt.% NiCrAlY-containing composites. Inclusion debonding and intersection, crack deflection and bridging were observed, and are likely the micromechanisms accounted for the improvement of fracture resistance.     

Impact of the coating process on the molecular structure of starch‐based barrier coatings

Molecular analysis of starch structure can be used to explain and predict changes in physical properties, such as water vapor and oxygen barrier properties in packaging materials. Solution casting is a widely used technique to create films from starch formulations. This study compared the molecular properties of these standard films with those of experimental coatings applied to paper in laboratory‐scale and pilot‐scale trials, with all three techniques using the same starch formulation. The results revealed large differences in molecular structure, i.e., cross‐linking and hydrolysis, between films and coatings. The main differences were due to the shorter drying time allowed to laboratory‐scale coatings and the accelerated drying process in pilot trials owing to the high energy output of infrared dryers. Furthermore, surface morphology was highly affected by the coating technique used, with a rougher surface and many pinholes occurring in pilot‐scale coatings, giving lower water vapor permeability than laboratory‐scale coatings. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41190.     

Multiscale approach for the design of composite sandwich structures for train application

In the present work a multiscale approach is considered for the design of composite sandwich structures for a roof of railway vehicle. The procedure consists in different steps that start from cost/benefit analysis on materials and their manufacturing process and cycle up to analysis of sub-components and entire structures. Each step is characterized by experimental, theoretical and numerical studies. The design activities herein presented count experimental campaigns able to characterize both the properties of novel sandwich material, manufactured expressly for transportation industry, the sandwich and joint behaviors. Analytical and numerical approaches have been used to validate and optimize the structural layout. Finite element analysis has been also performed on a test article to verify the “new” sandwich roof in regard to structural requirements suggested by European Code.     

Characterizing Molecular Structure of Water Adsorbed by Cellulose Nanofiber Film Using in situ Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy

In situ micro-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of a typical cellulose nanofiber (CNF) film (i.e., CNF with cellulose I structure) were collected within the full relative humidity (RH) range from 0% to 90%. Red shifts of two peaks at 1036 and 1204 cm^?1 and the variation of different spectra indicated the chemical adsorption sites for adsorbed water. From component band analysis of the spectral range of 2900–3700 cm^?1, three component peaks at 3293, 3397, and 3543 cm^?1 were due to strongly, moderately, and weakly hydrogen-bonded water. The signatures of these three types of hydrogen-bonded water were then observed to rise with an increase in RH. Based on growth regularities of these three types of hydrogen-bonded water, the water adsorption process of CNF film was divided into three stages; most of the water absorbed in these three stages was demonstrated to be CNF???HOH???CNF, WATER????HOH????WATER, and five-molecule tetrahedral structure, respectively.     

过滤精度对煤焦油QI的组成和结构的影响

采用精度为2~5μm和20~40μm的滤芯分别对煤焦油进行热过滤,从得到的滤渣中提取出喹啉不溶物(QI)。然后利用元素分析(EA)、激光粒度仪(LPSA)、扫描电子显微镜/X射线能量色散光谱(SEM/EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对所得煤焦油QI组分进行对比分析。结果表明:煤焦油QI组分芳构化程度高,有机物多为稠环类物质并带有很多侧链或杂质原子,同时存在少量石英石、方解石以及煤灰等无机物;当煤焦油热过滤时采用的滤芯精度较低时,最终提取出的QI组分缩聚度相对较高,并且稠环结构中所含侧链和杂原子也相对较少。经精度较低的滤芯热过滤后提取的QI组分中金属杂原子含量相对较高,这些金属杂原子主要存在于大颗粒无机物中,部分存在于小颗粒有机物中。当滤芯精度较高时所得QI组分中主要含酚类、醚类和羧酸类有机物,酮类含量相对较少;反之,QI中则主要含酚类、醚类和酮类有机物。因此,煤焦油热过滤所选的滤芯精度不宜过高,尤其不宜选精度在5μm以下的滤芯。