Agronomic evaluation of fertilizer products derived from Sukulu Hills phosphate rock

Partial acidulation of phosphate rock (PR) or compaction of PR with soluble P fertilizers can improve the usefulness of unreactive PR for use as P fertilizer. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate nonconventional phosphate fertilizers derived from a low reactive Sukulu Hills PR from Uganda. Raw PR (which contained 341.0 g kg^–1 Fe₂O₃), beneficiated or concentrate PR, partially acidulated PR (PAPR) and PR compacted with triple superphosphate (TSP) were evaluated. Compacted materials had a P ratio of PR:TSP = 50:50. PAPR materials were made by 50% acidulation with H₂SO₄. TSP was used as a reference fertilizer. Fertilizers were applied to an acidic (pH = 5.4) Hiwassee loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults) at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg P kg^–1 soil. Two successive corn (Zea mays L.) crops were grown for 6 weeks. Compacted concentrate PR + TSP and raw PR + TSP were 94.4 and 89.7% as effective as TSP, respectively, in increasing dry-matter yields for the first corn crop. PAPR from the concentrate was 54.8% as effective as TSP. Raw PR, concentrate PR and the PAPR from the raw PR were ineffective in increasing dry-matter yields. The same trends were obtained when P uptake was used to compare effectiveness. Ineffectiveness of the raw PR and its corresponding PAPR was attributed to a high Fe₂O₃ content in the raw PR. Bray I and Pi paper were found to be nearly equally suitable at estimating available P in the soils treated with responsive fertilizer materials. Mehlich 1 overestimated available P in soil treated with raw PR, concentrate PR or the PAPR from the raw PR.     

Agronomical evaluation of phosphate fertilizer as a nutrient source of phosphorus for crops: Isotopic procedure

The agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers, as sources of phosphorus for crops, was evaluated using the quantities, P_f, of phosphorus taken up byLolium perenne grown on 14 soils during greenhouse experiments in pot cultures. The P_f quantities were determined using³²P-labelled fertilizers. Data were analysed using a new concept: the Isotopic Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (IRAE). The IRAE value was defined as the ratio of the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a tested fertilizer over the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a fertilizer used as standard. In our experiments diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used as standard P fertilizer and two rock phosphates, the North Carolina rock phosphate (NCPR) and a calcium-iron-aluminium phosphate (Phospal), were tested. As a linear relationship between P_f(NCPR) quantities and P_f(DAP) quantities was obtained, with r² = 0.95, when the application rates increased from 15 mgP (kg soil)^–1 to 200 mgP (kg soil)^–1, it is conciuded that IRAE values for a given fertilizer, other than the standard fertilizer, could be determined with a single rate of application. As regards soil pH in the range 4.7 to 8.2 the IRAE_NCPR is related to soil pH by a curvilinear relationship: log IRAE_NCPR = –(0.44) pH + 4.05 with r² = 0.89. The average of IRAE_phospal values was 0.15 with a standard error = 7% irrespective of soil pH. Then a logarithmic relationship was obtained between IRAE values of the two tested fertilizers and their water P-solubility determined at the soil pH where they were applied.     

采用JFM7201的北斗基带数字接收通道设计

北斗卫星导航定位系统是我国自行研制的,它采用直接序列扩频技术,只有当扩频码完全同步之后才能解调出信息码。因此,对于扩频码的捕获和跟踪就成为一个非常重要的环节,基带信号处理就可实现这样的功能。JFM7201芯片是一款基带信号处理芯片,与相关的处理器配合,可以实现信号的捕获、跟踪、解调以及输出位置、速度和时间的相关信息,是北斗接收机一种比较好的实现方式。     

Observer设计模式在手机导航软件中的应用

该文探讨了观察者（Observer）设计模式的概念及在手机导航软件中的应用。通过实例证明了该模式下导航软件的性能得到了进一步的提升,提供了实现手机导航的Java程序代码,并总结该模式在软件设计过程中的优点。     

Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness

Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments.Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.     

A variable gap penalty function and feature weights for protein 3-D structure comparisons

We have developed a variable gap penalty function for use inthe comparison program COMPARER which aligns protein sequenceson the basis of their 3-D structures. For deletions and insertions,components are a function of structural features of individualamino acid residues (e.g. secondary structure and accessibility).We have also obtained relative weights for different featuresused in the comparison by examining the equivalent residuesin weight matrices and in alignments for pairs of 3-D structureswhere the equivalences are relatively unambiguous. We have usedthe new parameters and the varible gap penalty function in COMPARERto align protein structures in the Brookhaven Data Bank. Thevariable gap penalty function is useful especially in avoidinggaps in secondary structure elements and the new feature weightsgive improved alignments. The alignments for both azurins andplastocyanins and N- and C-terminal lobes for aspartic proteinasesare discussed     

On the importance of some surface and interface characteristics in the formation of the properties of adhesive joints

The importance of some relative surface characteristics which determines the strength of adhesive joints: specific surface of substrate , relative contact area β and specific contact area β in the adhesion interaction process were emphasised. Existing and potential methods of experimental evaluation of these characteristics were shortly analysed. The durability of the adhesive joints in water media significantly increases with growth of specific surface ^* of chemically treated substrate evaluated from the SEM micrographs. Specific surface calculated from the experimental data of hexane adsorption measurements for iron particles (particulate model of steel substrate) is more then ten times greater than respective ^* values. The relative contact area β of the Al₂O₃ particles (in wide range of ) with PE melt was in a roundabout way evaluated by experimental determination of the affect of on kinetic of peel strength formation of adhesive joints: Al₂O₃ filled PE-steel. The speculation was based on the ability of Al₂O₃ to adsorb low-molecular products of contact oxidation of PE which takes place in the process of formation of adhesive joints and determines their strength. The ability of sorption in its turn is proportional to efficient value of β. The availability of the Al₂O₃ surface was evaluated.     

添加剂对PVDF／PU复合膜成膜速度、结构与性能的影响

研究成孔添加剂聚乙二醇（PEG）和LiCl对聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）／聚氨酯（PU）铸膜液体系的成膜动力学以及膜性能的影响．结果表明：加入PEG、LiCl均能加快成膜速度,膜的水通量有很大程度的提高,而截留率下降．不同相对分子质量PEG对成膜的影响略有不同．相对分子质量越大,黏度因素起到的作用越大,使得成膜速度随相对分子质量增加而稍有降低;相对分子质量越大,截留率下降得越明显;相对分子质量为4000时,PVDF／PU复合膜的综合性能最好．     

基于智能手机的语音导航教学辅助系统设计

利用Microsoft Speech SDK语音开发包和提供的TTS组件技术,在VS.NET2008开发环境下,采用C#语言开发适用于智能手机的语音导航教学辅助系统的设计方案。首先介绍了系统开发平台的选型根据,其次对系统体系结构和系统功能进行详细论述,最后给出了系统关键技术及实现方法。该系统的开发方法在适合视障人士的应用领域中具有一定指导意义和实际的应用价值。     

捷联式惯性导航系统初始对准扰动补偿控制算法

提出了一种捷联惯性导航系统初始对准扰动补偿二级控制器的设计方法。选取载体的飞行姿态、速度与位置增量建立了扰动补偿控制的状态空间数学模型,基于Backstepping控制方法,通过引入虚拟反馈控制变量设计了非线性控制器,保证大初始扰动条件下系统状态稳定收敛到系统的平衡点集。在平衡点集,设计了H2最优状态反馈控制律,以保证系统状态在平衡点集的渐进收敛。仿真和系统试验结果表明,这种二级补偿控制方法能有效抑制初始对准扰动误差,导航解算精度能够满足工程实际需要。