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61.
Photocatalysts have attracted great research interest owing to their excellent properties and potential for simultaneously addressing challenges related to energy needs and environmental pollution. Photocatalytic particles need to be in contact with their respective media to exhibit efficient photocatalytic performances. However, it is difficult to separate nanometer-sized photocatalytic materials from reaction media later, which may lead to secondary pollution and a poor recycling performance. Hydrogel photocatalysts with a three-dimensional (3D) network structures are promising support materials for photocatalysts based on features such as high specific surface areas and adsorption capacities and good environmental compatibility. In this review, hydrogel photocatalysts are classified into two different categories depending on their elemental composition and recent progresses in the methods for preparing hydrogel photocatalysts are summarized. Moreover, current applications of hydrogel photocatalysts in energy conversion and environmental remediation are reviewed. Furthermore, a comprehensive outlook and highlight future challenges in the development of hydrogel photocatalysts are presented. 相似文献
62.
Aline Kövilein Christin Kubisch Liyin Cai Katrin Ochsenreither 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2020,95(3):513-526
Malic acid derived from fossil resources is currently applied in the food and beverage industries with a medium global production capacity. However, in the transition from a fossil-based to a bio-based economy, biotechnologically produced l -malic acid may become an important platform chemical with many new applications, especially in the field of biopolymers. In this review, currently used petrochemical production routes to dl -malic acid are outlined and insights into possible bio-based alternatives for microbial l -malic acid production are provided. Besides ecological reasons, the possibility to produce enantiopure l -malic acid by microbial fermentation is the biggest advantage over chemical synthesis. State-of-the-art and open challenges concerning production host engineering, substrate choice and downstream processing are addressed. With regard to production hosts, a literature overview is given covering the leading natural production strains of Aspergillus, Ustilago and Aureobasidium, as well as Escherichia coli as the most important engineered recombinant host. The utilization of renewable substrates as an alternative to glucose is emphasized in particular as a key aspect for a competitive bio-based production. Out of the alternative substrates discussed in this review, the industrial side-streams crude glycerol and molasses seem to be most promising for large-scale l -malic acid production. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献
63.
LNG冷量优化集成利用技术 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
我国将相继在沿海地区建成多个LNG接收站,每年将进口数以千万吨计的LNG,同时携带数着巨额冷量,而这些冷量可用于发电、空气分离、制造干冰、低温冷库等众多领域。基于国外LNG冷量利用现状,指出我国即将展开和实施此项技术还存在着:过程火用损较大,缺乏系统、全面的LNG冷量利用技术的研发指导机制,以及宏观调控力度薄弱等问题,进而提出了发展LNG冷量的集成利用方案,可为此类技术的研发利用提供新思路。以福建即将进口的LNG为例,模拟了空气分离与干冰制备的集成工艺流程,结果表明:福建每年进口的260×104t LNG可以冷却290×104t空气,相当于60000 m3/h的氧气制备规模,还可以生产100×104t的干冰,其过程火用损较小;其剩余的高温位冷量可应用于低温冻结库或冰灯等项目,这对主体装置的实施效果和过程火用损的影响较小。该技术的优点在于可灵活控制冷却空气的液化率,基本不用冷却循环水,流程简单,设备投资少,能耗低等。 相似文献
64.
The performance of the energy consumption of an electronic valve and a classical thermostatic valve has been compared when these expansion valves are adopted in a vapour compression plant subjected to a cold store. The main aim is to verify experimentally which type of expansion valve would be preferable from energy point of view when a classical thermostat or a fuzzy logic algorithm are used as the control system for the refrigeration capacity. The fuzzy logic‐based control is able to modulate continuously the compressor speed through an inverter. The results show that with a fuzzy algorithm, the thermostatic expansion valve allows an energy saving of about 8% in comparison with the electronic valve. When on–off control is used, the electric energy consumption obtained both with the electronic valve and with the thermostatic valve is comparable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
65.
66.
Dvoryankin V. F. Dikaev Yu. M. Kudryashov A. A. Sokolovskii A. A. 《Measurement Techniques》2003,46(8):806-809
A method is described for determining the instantaneous effective energy of x-ray tube brehmsstrahlung by means of two semiconductor detectors employing epitaxial GaAs structures and a measurement circuit, which together determine the effective energy with an error of 5% in the range 20–80 keV in the presence of nonlinearity in the detector response. 相似文献
67.
68.
抽油机井系统效率简析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
油田生产中广泛使用抽油机采油,机械采油的系统效率主要有地面效率与井下效率。在实际生产中,地面效率容易检测、计算和调整,井下效率则取决于产液量、动液面、泵效以及管柱的状况。文章仅对抽油机井系统效率进行简单分析与计算,旨在为优化设计抽油机运行参数提供参考。 相似文献
69.
70.
水溶液全循环法尿素装置中压分解"三种工艺"的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以生产数据结合理论计算的方法系统地比较、分析了水溶液全循环法尿素装置中中压分解“三种工艺”的热能利用、甲铵分解率、总氨蒸出率、水平衡量、一分加热器生产能力等方面的情况,提出应用和配置预分离-预蒸馏工艺的方法,评论该工艺在水溶液全循环法中的地位和作用。 相似文献