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??Deep shale gas reservoirs buried underground with depth being more than 3 500 m are characterized by high in-situ stress, large horizontal stress difference, complex distribution of bedding and natural cracks, and strong rock plasticity. Thus, during hydraulic fracturing, these reservoirs often reveal difficult fracture extension, low fracture complexity, low stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), low conductivity and fast decline, which hinder greatly the economic and effective development of deep shale gas. In this paper, a specific and feasible technique of volume fracturing of deep shale gas horizontal wells is presented. In addition to planar perforation, multi-scale fracturing, full-scale fracture filling, and control over extension of high-angle natural fractures, some supporting techniques are proposed, including multi-stage alternate injection (of acid fluid, slick water and gel) and the mixed- and small-grained proppant to be injected with variable viscosity and displacement. These techniques help to increase the effective stimulated reservoir volume (ESRV) for deep gas production. Some of the techniques have been successfully used in the fracturing of deep shale gas horizontal wells in Yongchuan, Weiyuan and southern Jiaoshiba blocks in the Sichuan Basin. As a result, Wells YY1HF and WY1HF yielded initially 14.1×104 m3/d and 17.5×104 m3/d after fracturing. The volume fracturing of deep shale gas horizontal well is meaningful in achieving the productivity of 50×108 m3 gas from the interval of 3 500–4 000 m in Phase II development of Fuling and also in commercial production of huge shale gas resources at a vertical depth of less than 6 000 m.     

高阶煤层气高效开发工程技术优选模式及其应用

高阶煤层气井的平均单井产气量低已成为制约我国煤层气产业发展的主要瓶颈之一,直接导致了煤层气开发经济效益低。为此,基于不同煤储层的地质条件,选择适用于煤层气高效开发的工程技术是提高当前高阶煤层气开发效益的关键。在剖析影响高阶煤层气开发效果的地质因素的基础上,建立了高阶煤层气开发的地质模式,并针对不同的地质模式优选出了相应的开发工程技术。结果表明:(1)影响高阶煤层气开发效果的主要地质因素按其影响程度从小到大依次为:煤体结构、煤岩变质程度、地应力、临储比;(2)据此划分了直井压裂、裸眼多分支水平井、U型和顶板仿树形水平井、鱼骨状和单支型水平井等4种工程地质模式。结论认为:直井压裂和裸眼多分支水平井仅适用于煤体结构好、变质程度高的地区;而低成本、后期可维护、占地面积少的单支型水平井和鱼骨状水平井适用范围广,是适宜大力推广的井型。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部Z区低阻油水层识别方法

随着近年来鄂尔多斯盆地西南部侏罗系油藏的规模开发,侏罗系油藏优质储量得到不断动用,而侏罗系低阻油藏成藏隐蔽,勘探开发经验少,油水层识别难度大等问题日趋突出。鄂尔多斯盆地西南部Z区延9油藏为典型的低阻油藏,分析表明,孔隙结构复杂、微孔率高、微孔隙中存在束缚水是导致油层低阻的主要原因,地层水矿化度高也降低了油层电阻率;对比分析了测井曲线形态法、砂层顶构造对比法、侵入因子与声波时差交会图版法、快速色谱录井识别等识别低阻油层方法,并提出了该区有利建产目标。     

塔里木盆地巴楚地区寒武系肖尔布拉克组储层特征及成因模式

针对塔里木盆地巴楚地区肖尔布拉克组储层研究较为薄弱的问题,通过多口井岩心观察、薄片鉴定和地化分析,认为该区肖尔布拉克组主要发育晶粒白云岩和泥微晶白云岩,储层物性受岩石结构控制明显,其中细晶白云岩及粉晶白云岩孔渗性能最好。肖尔布拉克组储层储集空间以晶间孔、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝为主,整体上属于低排驱压力细-中孔喉道型,储集性能较好。储层经历多种白云石化作用改造,以埋藏白云石化作用为主,受一定热液作用影响。储层受喜马拉雅期构造作用影响较大,破裂形成的裂缝沟通残余孔隙,多期酸性流体渗入叠加改造,一定程度上增加了储集空间,形成现今优质储层。综合认为巴楚隆起肖尔布拉克组储层在多期构造断裂叠加区域储集能力最好。     

Characteristics and favorable area prediction of Ordovician buried-hill carbonate reservoirs in the Bozhong 21–2 tectonic belt,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Based on core data, thin section and logging, this study investigates the basic characteristics and occurrence regularities of the Ordovician buried-hill carbonate reservoir in the Bozhong 21-2 tectonic belt. Results show that the reservoir lithology is primarily limestone, followed by dolomite, dolomitic limestone or limey dolomite, and silty mudstone. The reservoir spaces are primarily composed of secondary porosity. These reservoirs can be divided vertically into weathered-crust karst reservoirs and inner dissolution-type reservoirs. The distribution of reservoirs is controlled chiefly by karstification. The high karst units in the study area are favorable for the development of the two reservoir types.     

REGIONAL 3D MODELLING OF THE PERMO‐CARBONIFEROUS AL KHLATA FORMATION IN THE RIMA AREA,EASTERN FLANK OF THE SOUTH OMAN SALT BASIN

The glaciogenic Al Khlata Formation (Late Carboniferous – Early Permian) contains important reservoir and seal intervals in oil fields in southern Oman. Here we describe a 3D regional geological model of the Al Khlata Formation and the underlying Misfar Group in a 1750 km² area in the Eastern Flank of the South Oman Salt Basin. The Misfar Group (Devonian‐Carboniferous?) was included in the model because it also contains glaciogenic facies in the study area. The 3D model is based on wireline logs from 42 wells, palynological zonation in 31 wells, cores from three wells, and a 2011 3D seismic dataset from which three horizons (top‐Huqf, top‐Rahab Shale and top‐Gharif) were interpreted throughout the study area. The combined Al Khlata and Misfar interval varies in thickness in the area from 20 to 730 m over relatively short distances. These large variations in thickness were due to the creation of accommodation in mini‐basins resulting from the removal of underlying Infracambrian salt at the basin margin. In places, some of the available accommodation was occupied by Cambrian sandstones of the Nimr Group and Haima Supergroup, influencing the location and thickness of the Al Khlata mini‐basins. These local depocentres vary in scale, shape and orientation relative to the present‐day salt edge: some are ovoid in plan‐view, others more linear and parallel to the salt edge, and one takes the form of a narrow graben almost perpendicular to the salt edge. By the Early Permian, towards the end of Al Khlata time, deposits become more blanket‐like and uniform, indicating an external or more regional control on base level. Four key lithofacies have been distinguished from wireline logs and were populated zone‐by‐zone through the geological model: sandstone (reservoir), shale (seal), and sandy and silty diamictite. Sandstones are most common towards the base of the Misfar – Al Khlata interval and shales towards the top. The Rahab Shale (Early Permian) at the top of the Al Khlata Formation forms an important seal for oil fields in South Oman, often in combination with seals in overlying intervals. The Rahab Shale was the first widespread seal to be deposited which may have trapped oil migrating from the South Oman Salt Basin during the Palaeozoic. The most common lithofacies in the Misfar – Al Khlata interval in the modelled area is diamictite (60%), which is normally considered to be a waste‐rock lithology. However thick silty diamictites of sufficient extent can seal hydrocarbon accumulations, and some sandy diamictites have the potential to be unconventional reservoir rocks. Even after 50 years of exploration and production of oil from the Al Khlata Formation, there remains potential for further discoveries and overlooked pay zones due to its heterogeneous character and the occurrence of intra‐formational seals.