黄酒沉淀问题与温度的关系

黄酒中含有多种氨基酸、淀粉、糊精、焦糖色、胶体颗粒等，温度变化会使酒出现不稳定状态。如色泽浑浊、沉淀结块。温度的变化会引起酒产生“冷浑浊”和“热浑浊”。酒质与温度的关系：温度越高，酒变质的速度越快；酒热的持续时间越长，对酒造成的损害程度越大。解决方法：夏季增加“摊冷”工艺，冬季采取“恒温贮存”。(孙悟)     

早籼稻谷生料发酵生产酒精的工艺研究

摘要：在发酵液中添加钙、镁、锌离子可以提高淀粉出酒率，使发酵液中的残总糖明显下降。实验表明，利用早籼稻谷生料发酵生产酒精，最佳发酵温度为32℃，最佳pH为4，最佳发酵时间为120h，在最佳条件下发酵，酒分达到9．3％(v／v)，残总糖为1．08％，淀粉出酒率为53．64％。     

块菌酒主发酵工艺条件优化研究

以印度块菌和糯米为主要原料,在单因素实验基础上,经过优化工艺技术参数,用正交实验设计对块菌发酵酒进行研究。结果表明:糯米最佳的糖化时间为6h,糖化酶添加量为0.3%,糖化温度为60℃,主发酵最佳发酵温度为24℃,酵母接种量1%,初始糖度210g/L,发酵时间为6d;所得块菌发酵酒澄清透明,滋味醇厚自然,香气怡人,并且氨基酸种类齐全,总量很高,赋予了其很高的营养价值。      

The effects of cereal additives in low-fat sausages and meatballs. Part 1: Untreated and enzyme-treated rye bran

Rye bran was added to frankfurter-type sausages and meatballs with the aim of producing low-fat products with increased dietary fibre content. The addition of untreated rye bran to sausages was detrimental, causing a substantial increase in frying loss (20% compared to 13.2%). The addition of rye bran treated with hydrolytic enzymes reduced the frying loss to 15.2–16.4%. The firmness was also improved by the treatments (12.8–14.2 N compared to 8.8 N). Enzymatic treatment of rye bran did not however improve the water-holding capacity or the texture of sausages compared to the rye bran that had only been soaked in water. The reason could be that enzymes degraded the solubilized fraction of the dietary fibre, leaving small fragments that cannot contribute to the water-holding capacity and the texture of the sausages. The benefits of treating rye bran in water were not seen in meatballs, probably due to the more particulate structure of meatballs, which is not as sensitive to additives.     

发酵糙米的加工工艺

对用酵母发酵糙米的工艺进行研究。以糙米粉为试验材料,添加水、蜂蜜、盐、大麦芽粉为底物,采用活性酵母液进行发酵试验。以淀粉酶活力作为试验指标,设计包含培养基加水量、发酵温度、时间和接种量四个因素水平,通过正交试验确定糙米发酵培养基的最佳配方和最佳发酵条件。优化的工艺条件为加水量为150%,酵母接种量为4%,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为为4 h。糙米酵素中的α-淀粉酶含量最高,达到485 U/g。     

米发糕的双菌发酵剂工艺研究

以早籼米为原料,利用酵母茵和乳酸茵复配制成米发糕的专用发酵剂,研究两种茵的培养及比例对米发糕品质的影响,确定适宜的工艺配方.结果表明:采用马铃薯培养基对酵母茵进行培养和增茵;采用麦芽浸汁粉培养基对乳杆菌进行培养和增茵;将茵悬液按数量比为酵母菌∶乳酸菌=107∶107进行混合后浓缩至6.5％,加入8.5％米粉,0.3％白糖和0.15％单甘酯,混匀于32℃下热风干燥至含水量为13％.发酵剂贮藏一段时间后制作的米发糕品质略有下降.     

Partial extraction method for the rapid analysis of total lipids and γ-oryzanol contents in rice bran

Total lipids and γ-oryzanol in rice bran were determined by a partial extraction method. The results agreed well with the conventional total extraction methods. The proposed method uses fewer hazardous organic solvents, takes a shorter extraction time and requires no special extraction apparatus. Total lipids and γ-oryzanol in nine rice bran varieties were analysed by the developed technique. Daw Dum 5647 had the highest total lipids and γ-oryzanol while the lowest content was found in KD XBT 313-19-1-1 and SP XBT 43-7, respectively. The adsorption coefficient (K_d) of the lipids and γ-oryzanol, between hexane and bran, at 30 °C are between 1.16 and 2.00 and 2.02 and 2.65, respectively (depending on the moisture content of the bran). From the K_d values, it was estimated that about 92–95% of the lipids and 95–96% of the γ-oryzanol were extracted into hexane at a 10:1 (v/w) ratio of hexane to bran. The effect of solvents on the extraction of γ-oryzanol from rice bran was also studied. It was found that isopropanol was the most suitable solvent for extraction and determination of γ-oryzanol in rice bran. It showed better agreement with the total extraction method.     

Toxicological evaluation of transgenic rice flour with an Escherichia coli phytase gene appA by sub‐chronic feeding study in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: Phytase is increasingly used as an ingredient in swine and poultry feeds to improve the bioavailability of phytate‐bound phosphorus and reduce the supplement of elemental phosphorus in feeds. Recently, a transgenic rise (TGR) with phytase appA gene from E. coli has been developed in Taiwan. To assure the food safety of this TGR, we performed a sub‐chronic whole‐food feeding study with Wistar rats. RESULTS: Weaned feeding male and female rats were divided into TGR and non‐TGR (NTGR) groups (20 rats per group), and fed diets containing 76.8% rice flour of TGR and NTGR, respectively. After 93 days feeding, although some hematological findings and blood chemistry values differed significantly between the TGR and NTGR groups, all values were still within the normal range for rats of this age and sex. No adverse effects of TGR were observed in terms of animal behavior, weight gain, or feed utilization rate. Necropsy at the end of the experiment indicated that neither pathological lesions nor histopathological abnormalities were present in organs such as liver, kidney, intestines and testes of rats in TGR and NTGR groups. In addition, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in relative organ weights, hemograms and blood indices of rats between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that in a 93‐day feeding study with Wistar rats a diet containing 76.8% of TGR flour having a phytase activity of about 1500 U kg^?1 body weight per day has no adverse effects. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Purification and characterisation of antioxidative peptides from unfractionated rice bran protein hydrolysates

Crude rice bran protein (CRBP) was prepared by alkaline extraction and then treated with 0.6 m HCl to remove phytic acid. The phytate‐free rice bran protein (PFRBP) was hydrolysed with proteases M, N, S, P and pepsin under optimal conditions. Hydrolysates obtained from various hydrolysis periods were subjected to analysis for their degree of hydrolysis (DH) and functional properties. The hydrolysates were fractionated by reversed‐phase column chromatography on Kaseigel ODS resin (120–140 μm) using a stepwise gradient of aqueous ethanol, and their activities were measured. The 40% ethanol fraction of protease P 4 h‐hydrolysate was separated by successive reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and the amino acid sequences of isolated antioxidative peptides were determined by a protein sequencer and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionisation‐time of flight mass spectrometry. Crude rice bran protein had higher antioxidative activity than PFRBP, due to the presence of phytic acid. Phytate contents of rice bran, CRBP and PFRBP were 2.5%, 1.42% and 0%, respectively. The activity of PFRBP increased upon protease digestion. Protease M hydrolysates showed the highest DH, but the lowest antioxidative activity. Hydrolysates with DH below 10% had higher antioxidative activity than those above 20%. This result indicates that the antioxidative activity of the hydrolysates is inherent to their characteristics amino acid sequences of peptides depending on the protease specificities.