山区河流浅水条件下漂石对河床响应与泥沙补给影响的试验研究

受暴雨洪水与滑坡、泥石流灾害的影响,山区河流床沙多为宽级配卵砾石泥沙,甚至出现较多的漂石,从而影响近底水流结构与推移质输移特性。基于野外漂石河流的调查,通过概化试验,探讨了漂石颗粒对河床冲淤的影响;对比分析了不同水沙条件下漂石对推移质输沙率过程的影响;根据床面粗化程度与漂石状态相异的两种类型对比试验,探讨了漂石对不同水沙条件下推移质输沙率的影响程度。初步表明：随着漂石颗粒相对暴露度（D/h,漂石等效粒径与平均水深之比）的减少,漂石对其尾部区域水流的混掺越加突出,从而对河床的冲刷能力变大;根据本试验采用的水沙参数,漂石对推移质输沙率的扩大效应为几倍至十几倍。     

时间尺度对平原感潮河网水动力水质模拟精度的影响

为探究不同时间尺度边界入流条件对平原感潮河网水动力水质模型模拟精度的影响,以典型平原感潮河网地区的张家港市中部为研究区域,结合野外同步监测数据、自动高频监测数据、常规监测资料等构建了水动力水质模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:时间尺度、开始取值时刻以及调度情况均会影响模拟精度;研究区域边界入流条件、水动力模拟结果和水质模拟结果可信的最大时间尺度为1 h,水质模拟精度优于水动力模拟精度。     

甬江感潮河流上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响

为分析甬江上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响,基于Delft3D数学模型开展了典型潮洪条件下甬江上下游不同码头群对河道水流特性的影响研究,结果表明:单段码头群位置距河口越远,或码头分布越密集,引起的水位壅高程度越大;在不同码头群共同产生壅水影响的区域,全河段码头群引起的河道洪水位变化比各码头群单独影响时增大,在不同码头群产生水位壅高和降低影响的河段,全河段码头群作用下水位影响部分相抵,但由于降低幅度小于壅高幅度,河道洪水位变化仍呈增大状态;码头群工程局部流速减少区域和外侧河道流速增加区域均呈带状分布,全河段码头群联合作用加剧了单段码头群引起的河道流速的变化且流速减小程度较流速增加程度大。     

Biomic river restoration: A new focus for river management

River management based solely on physical science has proven to be unsustainable and unsuccessful, evidenced by the fact that the problems this approach intended to solve (e.g., flood hazards, water scarcity, and channel instability) have not been solved and long‐term deterioration in river environments has reduced the capacity of rivers to continue meeting the needs of society. In response, there has been a paradigm shift in management over the past few decades, towards river restoration. But the ecological, morphological, and societal benefits of river restoration have, on the whole, been disappointing. We believe that this stems from the fact that restoration overrelies on the same physical analyses and approaches, with flowing water still regarded as the universally predominant driver of channel form and structural intervention seen as essential to influencing fluvial processes. We argue that if river restoration is to reverse long‐standing declines in river functions, it is necessary to recognize the influence of biology on river forms and processes and re‐envisage what it means to restore a river. This entails shifting the focus of river restoration from designing and constructing stable channels that mimic natural forms to reconnecting streams within balanced and healthy biomes, and so levering the power of biology to influence river processes. We define this new approach as biomic river restoration.     

Influence of habitat heterogeneity and bed surface complexity on benthic invertebrate diversity in a gravel‐bed river

Maintaining or restoring physical habitat diversity is a central tenet of sustainable river management, yet a link between habitat and ecological diversity in fluvial systems has long remained equivocal. The lack of consistent evidence partly reflects the problems of characterizing habitat in ways that are ecologically meaningful. This paper assesses the influence of habitat heterogeneity and complexity on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a mountain gravel‐bed river. With the use of 0.1‐m resolution data obtained from an acoustic Doppler current profiler, heterogeneity and complexity in hydraulic conditions and bed topography were characterized using 13 metrics applied to 30 areas, each 1 m², with an invertebrate sample collected from each area. Turnover of invertebrate taxa (i.e., β‐diversity) between sampled areas was rather limited, but observed differences in diversity were related significantly to several metrics of habitat heterogeneity. Invertebrate abundance was related to habitat diversity, patch size coefficient of variation, and patch size, whereas the Shannon diversity was related to the number of patches and patch size. None of the habitat complexity metrics accounted for a significant amount of observed variation in invertebrate communities between sampled areas. The paper demonstrates that high‐resolution data can help reveal relationships between habitat and benthic invertebrate diversity.     

In‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment in riverine ecosystems

Construction activities within the wetted‐perimeter of rivers, referred to as in‐stream construction, are prevalent economically and environmentally motivated activities having direct interactions with sensitive lotic environments. Currently, there is a paucity of research related to in‐stream construction activities and their effects on aquatic ecosystems. In‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment may result in harmful effects to aquatic flora and fauna. Regulatory frameworks worldwide focus primarily on concentration, with limited consideration for duration and no consideration for spatial extents of suspended sediment exposures. This research develops theoretical concentration, duration, and spatial extent exposure risk relationships for riverine ecosystems to demonstrate the influence of each mechanism during typical in‐stream construction activities. To reduce exposure risk, concentration and duration may be considered pragmatically, based on anticipated activity characteristics and site conditions. Spatial exposure characteristics are important to consider, as illustrated by our finding that activities located near the channel centerline may result in greater exposure risk than similar activities conducted near the streambank. Current regulatory frameworks worldwide do not sufficiently consider all exposure risk mechanisms present during in‐stream construction‐induced suspended sediment releases, possibly inhibiting efforts to reduce adverse environmental effects. This research improves our understanding of suspended sediment in lotic environments and may help environmental managers better evaluate and manage in‐stream construction activities.     

照片数量对SfM动床河工模型地形三维重构的影响研究

SfM是摄影测量领域近年来飞速发展的三维场景重构技术,目前已在地貌勘测、文物勘察、冰川演化、岩石勘探、土壤侵蚀等研究领域开展了大量尝试和应用,而在河工模型方面的应用研究尚处于起步阶段。本文开展了输入照片数量对SfM法动床河工模型地形三维数字高程地形(DEM)重构精度影响研究,采用4个不同视角对河工模型动床冲淤地形进行拍摄,选取不同数量照片作为输入开展SfM法三维地形DEM重构,然后将每组DEM重构结果与传统测针法测量进行对比。结果表明,当照片数量较少时,增加照片数量可改善SfM重构精度,但当照片数量较多时,虽可为SfM提供更多的床面变化图像信息,但同时带来由于特征点成像变化而引起的误匹配现象,反而可能导致SfM重构精度下降。鉴于不同动床模型的模型沙和光照等外部条件不同,实际应用时须针对不同模型的特点进行深入对比和分析,选取合理的照片张数开展SfM法动床冲淤地形测量。     

对构建国际流域治理体系的思考：以澜沧江-湄公河为例

由于“湄公河治理”是一个自主运作却又开放的组织集合,这种集合不仅仅是主权国、更是各类型组织组成的,因此它的治理直接面临着两个“根本性的难题”,即国际流域治理碎片化与各成员参与合作的约束与激励问题。因此如果单独采取科层制、市场机制或网络机制来协调澜沧江—湄公河治理中的矛盾都可能导致“囚徒困境”。根据西方各国经验并结合各流域国的国情,“澜沧江—湄公河治理”应着力于“整体性安排”,基本包括：完善合作的组织机构及机制、改善中国参与澜沧江—湄公河治理的方式、流域政府的政绩评价、流域生态补偿与政府间平权机制、多中心的混合制治理制度。     

GIS支持下的凡河流域农业非点源污染物时空特征分析

为了解铁岭县凡河流域农业非点源污染现状,本文以铁岭县多年乡镇统计报表为基础,结合输出系数法及源强系数法分析了凡河流域2007-2009年四种农业非点源污染物排放量及其排放强度的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)流域内农业非点源污染物排放总量呈持续上升趋势,总氮、总磷、化学需氧量及氨氮的平均排放量为3174.5、361.4、16624.5和3980.3t/a;(2)流域内主要污染物为化学需氧量,主要污染源为畜禽养殖;(3)污染物排放总量及强度空间上大致呈中、西部高,东部低的特点,李千户乡及铁岭市区为主要污染区域。为有效地控制凡河流域农业非点源污染,当地政府应把重点放在畜禽粪便及居民生活垃圾的处理方式上。     

岷江全流域水资源量化配置研究

针对岷江流域的生态功能,本文采用多准则的层次分析法,构建了社会发展、经济发展和生态保护三维度的评价指标,以流域内行政区域作为分配对象,建立了科学合理的岷江流域水资源量化分配模式。结果表明:水资源分配不但要根据区域用水量、经济总量等社会、经济指标,也要根据生态保护的量度来进行相应的补偿,才能使水资源量化分配模型更加科学合理,各方均可接受,从而使得流域水资源的利用具有可持续性。