用高程与河道断面特性平均积分曲线图解河道水面线

从恒定、渐变流河段能量方程式中推导出以高程与河道断面特性平均积分曲线图解河道水面线的方法,并通过某河段水面线计算实例说明了此方法的计算图解步骤。对于同一河道,由于高程与河道断面特性平均积分曲线不变。故曲线可重复利用。因此,对进行多种设计标准的水面线计算可很方便地直接从曲线图上得出水面线结果。     

暗河发育区岩溶隧道突涌水洪峰流量估计

地下暗河是岩溶隧道建设与运营重大的安全风险,暗河发育区岩溶隧道突涌水洪峰估计是岩溶隧道施工抢险与后期处治方案制定的重要基础数据。地下暗河洪峰流量不仅由岩溶区水文地质条件控制,而且还受到暴雨期地表径流补给的影响。本文结合实测数据和统计数据,围绕小流域暴雨资料推求出地表汇流洪峰和地下暗河汇泄流洪峰,提出了一种考虑地表径流补给的暗河发育区岩溶隧道突涌水洪峰估计方法,并结合翠屏隧道的地形地貌、水文地质与实测涌水资料,开展了案例分析计算并比较实测涌水量。表明传统涌水预测方法无法考虑暗河与地表水补给的影响,与实测结果差距很大,本方法能够较好预测岩溶区因地表汇水补给暗河发育区隧道突涌水洪峰,为隧道防洪护堤高度、涵管过水容量设计、洪峰避险时间提供重要支撑,保障隧道施工与运营安全。     

Clinical Breakpoint of Apramycin to Swine Salmonella and Its Effect on Ileum Flora

The purpose of this study was to establish the clinical breakpoint (CBP) of apramycin (APR) against Salmonella in swine and evaluate its effect on intestinal microbiota. The CBP was established based on three cutoff values of wild-type cutoff value (CO_WT), pharmacokinetic-pharmadynamic (PK/PD) cutoff value (CO_PD) and clinical cutoff value (CO_CL). The effect of the optimized dose regimen based on ex vivo PK/PD study. The evolution of the ileum flora was determined by the 16rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics. This study firstly established the CO_WT, CO_PD in ileum, and CO_CL of APR against swine Salmonella, the value of these cutoffs were 32 µg/mL, 32 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively. According to the guiding principle of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the final CBP in ileum was 32 µg/mL. Our results revealed the main evolution route in the composition of ileum microbiota of diarrheic piglets treated by APR. The change of the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Euryarchaeota was the most obvious during the evolution process. Methanobrevibacter, Prevotella, S24-7 and Ruminococcaceae were obtained as the highest abundance genus. The abundance of Methanobrevibacter increased significantly when APR treatment carried and decreased in cure and withdrawal period groups. The abundance of Prevotella in the tested groups was significantly lower than that in the healthy group. A decreased of abundance in S24-7 was observed after Salmonella infection and increased slightly after cure. Ruminococcaceae increased significantly after Salmonella infection and decreased significantly after APR treatment. In addition, the genera of Methanobrevibacter and Prevotella were defined as the key node. Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, D-Alanine metabolism, Peptidoglycan and amino acids biosynthesis were the top five Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the ileum microbiota of piglets during the Salmonella infection and APR treatment process. Our study extended the understanding of dynamic shift of gut microbes during diarrheic piglets treated by APR.     

适用于河流治理的地面廊道污水处理系统的设计

地面廊道污水处理系统类似于人工湿地技术，其优点在于该系统应用于污染河流的治理时，对河流地形适应性非常强；另外系统四周不透水的墙体结构使整个廊道起着氧化塘的作用，并且沿坡降由好氧塘逐渐过渡到厌氧塘。本文重点介绍该处理系统的设计，主要包括廊道的选址．水生植物的选择．廊道最佳长度及运行参数的确定。     

AUTOMATIC DELINEATION OF FUNCTIONAL RIVER REACH BOUNDARIES FOR RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

The river reach is a pervasive term within contemporary river research and applications. Yet, despite its prevalence, there is a notable lack of consistency in its definition. This paper identifies the presence of two broad types of reach definition within the academic literature, operational and functional, and argues that a functional definition is more suitable for applications within river research and management. A range of sequence zonation algorithms that were originally derived for geological well‐log analysis were compared for their ability to automatically identify functional reach boundaries. An analysis of variance‐based global boundary hunting algorithm was identified as the most suitable. To demonstrate the potential practical applications of automatic reach delineation methods, two case studies where functional reach boundaries have been identified were described: first, in a sequence of predicted sediment transport capacities for use in a reach‐based sediment transport model; and second, in a sequence of RHS Habitat Quality Assessment scores for identification of lengths of channel in need of habitat restoration efforts. Finally, the paper discusses how this type of functional reach identification procedure might be applied in other areas of river research and applications and how a multivariate version of a statistical zonation algorithm might prove useful in facilitating integrated catchment management by identifying reach boundaries common across all variables of interest in the system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松花江流域水利建设成就与展望

松花江是我国七大江河之一， 流经内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省， 流域面积５５６８ 万ｋｍ ２， 文中从流域规划、防洪体系建设、水土流失治理、生态环境保护、农田水利建设和城市水利建设等诸方面介绍了建国５０ 年来的重要成就和主要经验， 并对存在的问题进行了讨论， 提出了嫩江干流控制性枢纽工程的建设将成为下世纪初松花江流域水利建设的重点。     

涉及生态环境需水的水资源合理配置

对涉及生态环境需水的水资源合理配置问题进行了探讨，提出了面向生态的水资源合理配置问题、基于降水资源的合理配置问题、针对不同地区不同条件的配置方法问题及河流水资源配置的40％原则，并对相关问题进行了进一步的探讨，有助于对水资源合理配置理论的进一步认识。     

双戗堤截流时下戗堤的作用分析

立堵截流计算的核心内容是龙口流速的求取，因为龙口流速的大小直接影响到截流时所选择抛投料粒径的大小，可以说是衡量截流难度的一个重要指标。本文在分析单戗堤立堵截流龙口流速变化规律的基础上，着重研究了在双戗堤立堵截流中，当上戗堤最困难的时候，也就是流速最大的时候，下戗堤是否能够壅水，从而降低上戗堤的截流难度这个问题，论证了双戗堤立堵截流水力控制条件的正确性，为双戗堤立堵截流的顺利施工提供判断依据一     

跨行政区河流水环境生态补偿方法研究

现行的水环境区域补偿方案存在补偿要素和范围不全面、补偿标准制定不合理及不到位、滞后于经济社会和生态环境的动态变化等不足。针对以上问题,以江苏省常熟市为研究对象,对现行的水环境区域补偿办法进行改进,结合区域经济发展与水环境管理要求,以行政区划为基本单元,根据断面水质浓度、区域用水与排污量等考核指标,提出了综合跨界断面水质类别、过量用水与超标排污等多要素的动态化阶梯水环境生态补偿测算方法。上述方法适用于跨区域之间及区域内,旨在解决现行补偿方案中存在的问题,使补偿标准更为科学合理,从而提升水环境治理水平和效果,促进水生态环境可持续发展。