大坝泄水对鱼类洄游能力的影响研究

大坝的建设将天然河道分隔成上、下两个环境单元,改变了河道的流量、流速和水位等水文要素,使原有的水力条件及生态环境都发生了变化,对鱼类的洄游、繁殖和生长等都产生较大影响。以江河湖泊常见鱼种—成年鲤为研究对象,以0.02 m~3/s为基础流量,按照0.01 m~3/s的流量递增进行大坝泄水模拟实验;采用声学信号监测技术监测成年鲤在不同泄水量下的洄游能力及游泳轨迹,分析不同泄水量的河道流场并与鱼类游泳轨迹进行拟合,研究不同流速对鱼类洄游能力的影响。结果表明:成年鲤的洄游距离、游泳速度随着河道流速增大而逐渐减小,成年鲤洄游开始出现困难、开始出现逆流后退以及无法洄游时河道流速分别为0.42,0.48 m/s和0.62 m/s;泄水量每增加一个0.01 m~3/s流量梯度,成年鲤洄游距离约减少1.5 m,说明随着河道流速增大鱼类洄游轨迹变化是一个逐渐收敛的过程。大坝泄水过程同时还会造成氮气和氧气过饱和、改变水体温度和浊度从而对鱼类生存环境、繁殖及鱼类资源造成影响。     

Quantifying the effect of riparian forest versus agricultural vegetation on river meander migration rates,central Sacramento River,California, USA

Riparian forest vegetation is widely believed to protect riverbanks from erosion, but few studies have quantified the effect of riparian vegetation removal on rates of river channel migration. Measured historical changes in a river channel centreline, combined with mapped changes in floodplain vegetation, provide an opportunity to test how riparian vegetation cover affects the erodibility of riverbanks. We analysed meander migration patterns from 1896 to 1997 for the central reach of the Sacramento River between Red Bluff and Colusa, using channel planform and vegetation cover data compiled from maps and aerial photography. We used a numerical model of meander migration to back‐calculate local values for bank erodibility (i.e. the susceptibility of bank materials to erosion via lateral channel migration, normalized for variations in near‐bank flow velocities due to channel curvature). A comparison of migration rates for approximately 50 years before and after the construction of Shasta dam suggests that bank migration rates and erodibility increased roughly 50%, despite significant flow regulation, as riparian floodplains were progressively converted to agriculture. A comparison of migration rates and bank erodibilities between 1949 and 1997, for reaches bordered by riparian forest versus agriculture, shows that agricultural floodplains are 80 to 150% more erodible than riparian forest floodplains. An improved understanding of the effect of floodplain vegetation on river channel migration will aid efforts to predict future patterns of meander migration for different river management and restoration scenarios. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

安塞油田补偿成藏现象探讨

安塞油田三叠系延长组长6油层发育的区域，很少有长2、长3油层组叠加发育，而长6油层发育较差的区域，似乎是为了补偿而广泛发育诸如长2、长3乃至侏罗系油层。通过对安塞油田中生界三叠系延长组沉积特征、烃原岩发育及分布、油气运移、圈闭条件及类型进行综合研究，认为补偿成藏现象与鄂尔多斯盆地安塞油田油气运移规律和长4＋5盖层发育状况有重要关系，而长4＋5盖层发育程度是补偿成藏现象发生关键因素。补偿成藏现象对安袈油田油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导意义。     

Release of butylated hydroxytoluene from an active film packaging to Asadero cheese and its effect on oxidation and odor stability

Antioxidant active packaging consisting of coextruded films made of low density polyethylene (LDPE) added with 0, 8, and 14 mg/g of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and polyamide 6/66 were fabricated. The release of BHT from the films to Asadero cheese was determined. Most of the BHT was diffused from the LDPE layer to the cheese during the first 20 d of storage at 5°C. Diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of BHT from the films 8 and 14 to the cheese was calculated as 6.24E-12 and 6.26E-12 cm²/s, respectively. The release of BHT from the film added with 8 mg/g of the antioxidant in the LDPE layer complied with the legal limit established for food products. However, the film added with 14 mg/g of the antioxidant exceeded that limit. The film added with 8 mg/g of BHT maintained the same levels of oxidized odor from 20 to 100 d of storage.     

冲砂泡沫流体室内携砂规律研究

为了解冲砂泡沫流体的携砂规律,在自制的试验装置上研究了冲砂时间与砂面高度的关系以及井筒倾角和砂粒直径对携砂率和停留时间的影响。试验结果表明,砂面高度首先快速下降,然后缓慢下降直至趋于平缓;直径小于0.5 mm的砂粒在泡沫中携砂率大于90%,此时井筒倾角对携砂率和停留时间基本没有影响;直径1.0～1.5 mm的砂粒,携砂率随倾角的增大先减小后增大,停留时间随倾角的增大而缩短,倾角在45°～60°时携砂率最小。对于相同的倾角,砂粒直径越大,携砂率越低且停留时间越长。垂直井筒中砂粒以均匀悬浮方式随泡沫流体一起运移;倾斜井筒中砂粒以跳跃方式运移,且明显滑向较低一侧。     

油井水泥浆与多功能钻井液泥饼界面离子扩散阻碍机理

对泥浆转化为水泥浆（MTC）固井液水化离子可扩散进入多功能钻井液泥饼的机理已有研究,但对油井水泥浆水化离子不能扩散运移进入多功能钻井液泥饼的机理尚未清楚。采用离子色谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计和X射线衍射仪,从油井水泥浆与MTC固井液离子组成的差异性入手,对油井水泥水化离子向多功能钻井液泥饼扩散运移的阻碍机理进行了研究。结果表明,油井水泥浆中Ca²⁺的质量分数远远大于MTC固井液中Ca²⁺的质量分数,在油井水泥与多功能钻井液泥饼界面生成了CaCO₃、CaSO₄和Ca(OH)₂,而MTC固井液中Na⁺的质量分数则大于油井水泥浆中Na⁺的质量分数;Na⁺可改变泥饼中活性颗粒表面的ζ电位和破坏钻井液有机处理剂表面形成的水膜是MTC固井液中水化离子能扩散运移进入多功能钻井液泥饼的主要原因,而在油井水泥与多功能钻井液泥饼界面生成的CaCO₃、CaSO₄和Ca(OH)₂沉淀堵塞孔道则是油井水泥浆水化离子不能扩散运移进入多功能钻井液泥饼的主要机理。     

成都凹陷上侏罗统蓬莱镇组天然气运移特征与富集主控因素

成都凹陷上侏罗统蓬莱镇组气藏为次生气藏,其中的天然气来自纵向上距其3 000多米的下伏上三叠统,储层和烃源岩层的远距离纵向分隔使得运移条件在成藏诸要素中尤为关键。蓬莱镇组中含气砂体较为发育且分布非均质性较强,认识其非均质性特征需要深入分析天然气富集的主控地质因素。通过气源分析,纵向上各气藏产出天然气的同位素组成、原始组分、干燥系数、iC₄/nC₄等地球化学特征分析表明,蓬莱镇组气藏天然气运移通道主要为气源断层和储集砂体,运移方式为借助断裂系统和纵向上较为发育的多套渗透性砂体进行立体式高效运移。勘探开发成果分析表明:发育气源断层是成都凹陷蓬莱镇组成藏的必要条件;气源断层与储层的合理配置、砂岩的储集性好坏进一步影响天然气富集程度,储层下倾方向与气源断层相接或与之邻近、砂岩物性好的地区天然气富集程度高。天然气在气源断层与储层合理配置带内的有利储层中最为富集的部署思想,大大提高了钻获高产井和工业气井的成功率。     

Survival of Salmonella spp. in low water activity chicken base paste and powder formulated at different salt levels

Dry flavor ingredients such as black pepper and hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) have been frequently recalled from the supply chain due to contamination with Salmonella. These spices are commonly used in preparation of savory meat flavor bases. This study evaluated the effect of various salt levels on the survival of Salmonella spp. in chicken bases formulated with pepper and HVP, in either paste or powder form. The salt content (% w/w), a_w and pH for regular-salt, 45% reduced-salt and 90% reduced-salt paste formulations were 33.0, 0.686, 5.75; 18.2, 0.691, 5.85; and 3.5, 0.751, 5.96, respectively, and powder formulations were 34.0, 0.254, 6.15; 18.5, 0.290, 6.28; and 3.1, 0.301, 6.50, respectively. To mimic natural contamination, a dry sand inoculation technique was used to prepare the samples. A five serovar cocktail of Salmonella was used and the final inoculation level in the samples was 7.5 ± 0.2 log CFU/g. Inoculated paste samples were stored at 21 °C for up to 12 weeks, and up to 42 weeks for powder formulations. Salmonella counts did not increase in either treatment during storage. The effect of salt levels on Salmonella survival was insignificant. There was a 5.2 ± 0.4 log reduction in paste formulations by 3 week. However, low Salmonella counts (<1.0 log CFU/g) were detected in samples from 6 to 12 weeks. In powder formulations, minimal log reductions of 1.3 ± 0.1 were observed over 42 weeks. When preparing a food product that does not undergo a kill step, it is necessary to ensure the absence of Salmonella in the ingredients, as well as practicing strict adherence to good manufacturing practices including proper environmental monitoring and sanitation in food processing. Furthermore, adequate consumer cooking instructions are important to ensure proper Salmonella lethality during preparation of reconstituted dry products.     

逆时深度偏移中的子波拉伸校正

文中提出一种在逆时偏移的波场延拓后、应用成像条件前对地震数据进行子波拉伸校正的方法,在延拓过程中分别提取各网格点震源波场和接收点波场在成像时刻的地震子波,对其进行压缩处理,再应用归一化波场分离互相关成像条件,得到拉伸校正后的成像结果。该方法不改变成像结果的振幅与相位。其中,子波压缩计算需要的各网格点的反射角和局部地层倾角由地震波场的坡印廷矢量(Poynting vector)计算得到。数值算例表明,该方法能够校正由于反射角增大引起的子波拉伸效应,提高逆时偏移的成像品质,为AVA/AVO分析提供高精度的输入道集。     

筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩弹性与复电阻率特性研究

为研究下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组页岩弹性与复电阻率特性,采集了川南、鄂西和渝东地区露头岩样标本。 基于 AutoScan-Ⅱ 多参数测试平台,进行了单点测试及平面扫描。 实验结果表明：筇竹寺组页岩纵横波速度与渗透率呈负相关关系,杨氏模量与泊松比符合远景页岩标准,可压性强。 龙马溪组页岩复电阻率 4 项参数的值随矿化度的升高均不同程度地减小,但对频散曲线形态影响较小;相角和异相电阻率在频率为 10 kHz 内与该频点上复电阻率幅值频散曲线的斜率呈正相关关系;对不同采样点岩样频散特性进行对比,认为黄铁矿颗粒的激发极化作用是重庆石柱地区页岩相角与异相电阻率大幅度频散的主要因素,黄铁矿是有机质富存的特征之一,因此异相电阻率与相角可作为复电阻率测井中探测龙马溪组富含有机质页岩层系的重要参数。