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111.
112.
Generalized difference control of parallel streams temperatures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A furnace with multiple parallel passes and multiple burners is commonly seen in petroleum refineries. In order to maintain the furnace running in a safe, stable, and high-efficiency state it is necessary to control the outlet temperatures of the multiple passes to be the same. Due to the fact that the process of the oil heating in such furnace is nonlinear, multivariable, time varying, has serious coupling among passes, has frequent dynamic changes and a large time delay, traditional control methods have trouble in controlling these temperatures, and some advanced control methods, including predictive control, adaptive control, and robust control, are usually too complex for convenient use. In this paper, a control technique, called differences control technique (DsCT), is proposed to distribute the stream flowrates such that the stream temperatures are as identical as possible. The principle of the proposed technique is explained and demonstrated, and the results of its application to a real-life petroleum refinery furnace are also reported. The DsCT technique has the following advantages: it does not need complicated design procedures, the controller structure is simple, it is easy to apply, and it can be canonically applied to furnaces with different number of passes. 相似文献
113.
This paper presents the mass transfer results from an impinging liquid jet to a rotating disk. The mass transfer coefficients were measured using the electrochemical limiting diffusion current technique (ELDCT). Rotational Reynolds number (Rer) in the range of 3.4 × 104–1.2 × 105, jet Reynolds number (Rej) 1.7 × 104–5.3 × 104 and non-dimensional jet-to-disk spacing (H/d) 2–8 were taken into consideration as parameters. It was found that the jet impingement resulted in a substantial enhancement in the mass transfer compared to the case of the rotating disk without jet. 相似文献
114.
115.
青藏铁路西格二线混凝土冻融试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
由于工期的要求,青藏铁路西格增建二线必须进行冬期施工。根据工程状况,分析了混凝土受冻的破坏机理,针对施工环境及对混凝土设计强度和要求,进行了大量冻融试验分析,对引气剂、水胶比、砂率、粉煤灰掺量等原材料与混凝土含气量的关系及其混凝土搅拌温度与静停时间等对混凝土性能的影响进行了分析与技术论证,确保了该线冬期混凝土施工顺利进行。 相似文献
116.
117.
118.
膏盐岩地层地质特征与录井技术 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
石油勘探实践和研究结果表明,许多油气藏的形成都与膏盐岩地层有关,也常与膏盐岩地层伴生,成功钻穿膏盐岩地层是钻井难题之一,录井技术成为钻进安全监测、膏盐岩地层准确预报的重要手段。针对上述情况,介绍了膏盐岩地层的主要类型、沉积模式以及与油气的关系,归纳总结了膏盐岩地层的录井技术经验,包括:在随钻录井过程中熟悉地质设计与邻井资料;在没有预测钻遇膏盐岩地层的情况下,通过钻井液中Cl^-的变化判定是否钻遇膏盐岩地层;预计钻遇膏盐岩地层时,使用饱和盐水钻井液;钻遇膏盐岩地层后观察盐岩是否以岩屑形式返出;同时,把握膏盐岩地层的岩性、岩性组合、层位、顶底界和厚度是非常重要的。通过S1井实例分析,论述了在膏盐岩地层中钻进时,防卡、防漏是录井人员监测和预报的重点。 相似文献
119.
Recent technological advances have made it possible to support long lifetime and large volume streaming data transmissions
in sensor networks. A major challenge is to maximize the lifetime of battery-powered sensors to support such transmissions.
Battery, as the power provider of the sensors, therefore emerges as the key factor for achieving high performance in such
applications. Recent study in battery technology reveals that the behavior of battery discharging is more complex than we
used to think. Battery powered sensors might waste a huge amount of energy if we do not carefully schedule and budget their
discharging. In this paper we study the effect of battery behavior on routing for streaming data transmissions in wireless
sensor networks. We first give an on-line computable energy model to mathematically model battery discharge behavior. We show
that the model can capture and describe battery behavior accurately at low computational complexity and thus is suitable for
on-line battery capacity computation. Based on this battery model we then present a battery-aware routing (BAR) protocol to
schedule the routing in wireless sensor networks. The routing protocol is sensitive to the battery status of routing nodes
and avoids energy loss. We use the battery data from actual sensors to evaluate the performance of our protocol. The results
show that the battery-aware protocol proposed in this paper performs well and can save a significant amount of energy compared
to existing routing protocols for streaming data transmissions. Network lifetime is also prolonged with maximum data throughput.
As far as we know, this is the first work considering battery-awareness with an accurate analytical on-line computable battery
model in sensor network routing. We believe the battery model can be used to explore other energy efficient schemes for wireless
networks as well. 相似文献
120.
对山西沁南地区三口煤层气井试气施工工艺进行总结分析,改进了注入压降测试管柱,采用电潜泵法对煤层排采测气。对今后煤层气井的施工具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献