Ammonium transformation in paddy soils affected by the presence of nitrate

Coupled nitrification and denitrification is considered as one of the main pathways of nitrogen losses in paddy soils. The effect of NO₃ ^– on NH₄ ⁺ transformation was investigated by using the ¹⁵N technique. The paddy soils were collected from Wuxi (soil pH 5.84) and Yingtan (soil pH 5.02), China. The soils were added with either urea (18.57 mol urea-N enriched with 60 atom% ¹⁵N excess) plus 2.14 mol KNO₃-N (natural abundance) per gram soil (U+NO₃) or urea alone (U). The KNO₃ was added 6 days after urea addition. The incubation was carried out under flooded condition in either air or N₂ gas headspace at 25°C. The results showed that in air headspace, ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidization was so fast that about 10% and 8% of added ¹⁵N in the treatment U could be oxidized during the incubation period of 73 hours after KNO₃ addition in Wuxi and Yingtan soil, respectively. The addition of KNO₃ significantly inhibited ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidation (p<0.01) in air headspace, while it stimulated ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ oxidation in N₂ gas headspace, although the oxidation was depressed by the N₂ gas headspace itself. Therefore, the accumulation of NO₃ ^– would inhibit further nitrification of NH₄ ⁺ at micro-aerobic sites in paddy soils, especially in paddy soils with a low denitrification rate. On the other hand, NO₃ ^– would lead to oxidation of NH₄ ⁺in anaerobic bulk soils.     

溴虫腈土壤和甘蓝微量残留量的气相色谱法测定

采用气相色谱法定量分析溴虫腈土壤和甘蓝微量残留量。样品经丙酮提取 ,液 液分配及氧化铝柱层析法净化后 ,以GC ECD测定 ,DB 170 1毛细管柱 ,氮气为载气 ,柱温 2 6 0℃ ,汽化室温度 2 5 0℃ ,检测器温度 2 80℃ ,外标法定量。该方法快速、准确 ,在 0 0 1～ 2 0 0mg/L范围内线性相关系数r2 =0 9999,平均回收率 90 0 %～ 10 3 6 7% ,变异系数 4 4 8%～ 5 89% ,最小检测量 2× 10 12 g ,最低检出浓度 3 3× 10 4mg/kg。     

腐植酸物质对盐碱化中低产田土壤理化性质及玉米影响的研究

通过田间试验探讨了复合改良制剂、草炭、风化煤等腐植酸类物质施用对盐碱化中低产田土壤理化性质及生长作物的影响，结果表明：复合改良制剂、草炭、风化煤施用对土壤理化性质均有积极的影响，与对照相比达到显著水平。玉米产量的方差分析表明，复合改良制剂处理与草炭、风化煤等处理差异显著，与对照差异极显著，增产率均达到30．67％以上。     

基于有限元方法的3-PPSR大长径比柔性并联机器人刚度模型分析

为实现较大工作空间的运动,设计了一种大长径比的3-PPSR结构的微操作柔性并联机器人.该机器人由压电马达驱动,采用大长径比柔性铰链连接,柔性铰链的变形范围在毫米级,适用于要求大变形的场合,同时具有结构简单、无奇异、无间隙、运动精度高等特点.由于系统的刚度直接影响系统的运动精度、承载负荷等性能,针对大长径比柔性铰链特点,运用有限元方法,建立了柔性铰链的数学模型,并采用整体刚度的方法,结合机构协调方程和力平衡方程,得到系统的柔性刚度模型.最后,采用ANSYS比较了所建理论刚度模型结果与有限元模型分析的结果.分析结果表明,理论刚度模型合理,符合机构的运动特征.     

The effect of ionic strength on soil P reactions is negligible

The electrolyte concentration of the soil solution affects the availability of some nutrients in the soil, especially of P, but it is not know at what salt concentration the reactions start to be significantly affected and their magnitude. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of rates of potassium chloride (KCl) on some soil parameters that determine supplying of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Al in an unlimed acid soil. Increasing rates of KCl (from zero up to 2000 mg K kg^–1) were applied to soil samples fertilized with 360 mg P kg^–1. Solution (C_li) and exchangeable (C_si) forms of P, Ca, Mg, K, and Al were determined in the treated soil samples after 30-days of incubation; cation activity in solution and their selectivity coefficients were then calculated. Addition of KCl at rates equal to or above 500 mg K kg^–1 caused a large relative increase on P in the soil solution (P_li) but a small and insignificant increase on the absolute value of P_li. All forms of soil K increased with increases on K applied, and buffer power for K varied according to the range of soil K. At all KCl rates, K displaced Ca, Mg, and Al from the solid phase to the soil solution, but had no effect on the extractable values. The relative preference of cations for the adsorption sites increased with increase on cation valency, and only those selectivity coefficients involving K were affected by K applied.     

对土壤速测技术的几点看法

为有利土壤测试工作的开展,促进测土配方施肥技术的推广,对土壤速测技术提出一些基本观点:应用区域主要是乡镇一级;对测试速度要求当天拿结果即可;对准确性适度要求;土壤样仍以风干样品为好;土壤样品粒径统一取0.30 mm。并对速测项目,土壤浸提方法,水、化学试剂的选用提出意见。     

原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的微量金属元素

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了不同地区土壤样品中的铅、铜、镍、锌元素的含量,相对标准偏差为0.1-3.3,回收率为99.6%-101.6%。该方法简单、快速,并具有良好的精密度和准确度。重点讨论了前处理方法、共存离子对测定结果的影响。     

Phosphorus availability from phosphate rock and sewage sludge as influenced by the addition of water soluble phosphate fertilizer

Phosphorus (P) inputs are required for sustainable agricultural production in most acid soils of the tropics and subtropics. Phosphate rocks (PR) and organic materials have been suggested as alternative P sources in these soils. Quantitative information on the P availability from sewage sludge (SL) is scanty. Methods to improve the effectiveness of PR such as partial acidulation and compaction with water-soluble P sources have been recommended. The objective of this greenhouse study was to evaluate the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Florida PR and sewage sludges (irradiated and non-irradiated) applied alone and in mixture with a water-soluble source (triple superphosphate, TSP) at two rates (50 and 150 mg P kg^–1 soil). The ³²P isotope dilution technique was utilised to determine the proportion of P in the plant taken up from the P fertilizer treatments. Wheat was grown on an acid loamy sand Dystric Eutrocrepts and harvested 6 weeks after planting. Results on total P uptake and the RAE of the P fertilizer sources tested indicated that the addition of 50 mg P kg^–1 soil as TSP was adequate in supplying P to the 6-week-old wheat plants as compared to PR and sewage sludge. Intermediate values were obtained for the mixtures. Similar responses were observed for the high P rate. For a given P rate, phosphorus uptake from PR and SL in presence of TSP was higher than P uptake from these sources alone, indicating an enhancement effect of TSP on the effectiveness of these non-readily available sources. With respect to P uptake from PR applied alone, the relative increases in P uptake from PR due to TSP influence were 52 and 67% for the low and high P rates, respectively. The relative increases in P uptake from SL due to TSP when compared to P uptake from SL alone were 102 and 59% for the low and high P rates of application. Application of a water-soluble P fertilizer together with a non-readily available P source shows an enhancement on the P uptake from the non-readily available P source by the wheat plants. In this experiment the estimated enhancement effects are very likely underestimated.     

非饱和黏性土直剪强度特性及其修正分析

为研究非饱和黏性土的直剪强度特性,采用非膨胀土及两种不同干密度的弱膨胀土进行了包含低应力状态下8种不同上覆压力的直剪试验。试验结果表明,随着上覆压力的增大,最大剪应力及所对应的剪切位移逐渐增大,试验中低应力状态下测定的土体凝聚力小于高应力状态,且试验中的上覆压力对膨胀性土凝聚力的影响大于非膨胀性黏土;而低应力状态下测定的土体内摩擦角大于高应力状态。对直剪试验中上下盒接触面积减小对抗剪强度参数测定的影响进行了分析,分析表明,接触面积减小对抗剪指标有影响,但极其微小。提出对膨胀土边坡浅层破坏进行稳定性分析时应采用低应力下的抗剪强度参数。     

新形势下做好长江流域水土保持监测工作的思考

基于长江流域水土保持的监测调研工作,结合我国当前社会、经济发展新形势的总体要求,针对开展好流域水土保持监测工作这一课题,从完善水土流失动态监测工作、构建应急监测体系、强化机构职能定位、推进先进技术和设施设备应用、优化流域网络体系顶层设计、探究水土流失监测综合性指标设置等方面开展了一些有益的探索,以利于更好地开展新形势下的水土保持监测工作。