季戊四醇的超分子化学

介绍季戊四醇的超分子化学,包括超分子网状结构、螺环冠醚、非常规液晶、富勒烯衍生物、固相光催化反应、Janus树枝状分子等等。     

曝气生物滤池处理农村生活污水效率与微生物群落分析

以北京大兴区农村生活污水为处理对象,设计了4个反应柱,研究了3种填料结构、2种气水比条件下曝气生物滤池(BAF)对农村生活污水处理效率及微生物群落的影响。结果表明:(1)1~#、2~#、3~#柱气水比相同、填料结构不同,BOD5、CODCr和氨氮的去除率达到84.51%~96.49%;4~#柱与2~#柱填料结构相同,但气水比小,BOD5和CODcr处理效果差;4个柱TP的去除率低,需要强化除磷。(2)1~#、2~#、3~#柱OTU数量差异很小,说明微生物种类数量基本相同;2~#柱特有OTU数远大于4~#柱,说明填料结构相同条件下较大气水比有利于增加微生物种类。(3)1~#、2~#、3~#柱优势菌群主要有6种,在不同高度的优势菌群种类基本相同,但数量上有所差异;仅变形菌门中可能含有聚磷菌,这也是除磷效果差的原因之一。     

孔隙液体对透明土渗透特性影响对比试验

针对熔融石英砂与混合油、溴化钙及蔗糖等孔隙液体制配成的3种透明土试样,开展渗流液体与孔隙液体一致或者不一致两种情况下的常水头渗透试验,测得透明土材料在不同孔隙液体、粒径及相对密实度等情况下的渗透率,以及水在3种透明土试样中的渗透过程;并与福建标准砂相关试验结果进行了对比分析。进而开展透明土试样电渗可视化模型试验,初步探讨孔隙液体、渗透率等因素对电渗过程与机理的影响规律。试验结果表明,透明土试样渗透特性不仅与粒径分布、相对密实度等因素相关,而且与孔隙液体种类相关;混合油、溴化钙溶液制配成的透明土渗透率与天然砂土渗透率最为相近。     

Combustion and structure formation in the Ti-Ta-C-Ca<Subscript>3</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript> system

Biocompatible composites (Ti, Ta)C _x + Ca₃(PO₄)₂ for deposition of nanofilms onto load-bearing implants by ion-plasma sputtering were prepared from Ti + Ta + C + Ca₃(PO₄)₂ mixtures by forced SHS compaction. The effect of Ta + C addition to green mixtures (characterized by parameter z) on the structure/phase formation in combustion products was explored. The addition of tantalum and carbon was found to have little or no influence on the burning velocity U and combustion temperature T _c. Two thermal spikes exhibited by thermograms were associated with the occurrence of two consecutive reactions leading to formation of titanium and tantalum carbides. With increasing z, the grain size of (Ti, Ta)C was found to diminish, its relative density to decrease, while the hardness to markedly grow.      

Effects of soil solution on the dynamics of N2O emissions: a review

In this review, which consists of two parts, major interactions between nitrous oxide (N₂>O) and soil solution are described. In the first part, as an introduction, concentrations of dissolved N₂>O in different aqueous systems are summarized. An inventory of data on maximal N₂>O concentrations in soil solution (up to 9984 g N₂>O-N l^–1>) and in soil air (up to 8300 ppm) from literature is presented. The peak N₂>O concentrations represent a N₂>O supersaturation in the soil solution up to 30000 times with respect to ambient air and a soil air N₂>O concentration about 25000 times higher than in the atmosphere. The main physico–chemical parameters (solubility, diffusion) controlling N₂>O distribution between soil solution and soil air are outlined. The influences of cultivation practice, nitrogen turnover, water content and temperature on N₂>O a ccumulation in soil solution and soil air are reviewed. In the second part some models of N₂>O dynamics in soils are discussed with emphasis on N₂>O transport processes. A simple qualitative scheme is developed to categorize the effects of the soil solution on N₂>O dynamics in soils. In this scheme the temporary, intensive N₂>O oversaturation of the soil solution is interpreted as a result of gas diffusion inhibition by water (barrier function of soil solution) resulting in an accumulation of N₂>O. In addition, N₂>O supersaturation is an indication that transitory much N₂>O can be stored in the soil solution (storage function of soil solution). Where the soil solution flows up-, down- or sidewards it can act as a relevant transport medium for dissolved N₂>O (transport function of soil solution). This scheme is applied to examples from the literature.     

纳米PVC树脂有机/无机相结构组装特征及其形成机理研究

用TEM和AFM研究了纳米CaCO3与VCM的原位聚合，发现无机纳米相与PVC有机相结构的组装具有三大典型特征；核壳型，崩解型及微胶囊型，分析了核壳型结构是聚合反应之前纳米颗粒作为无机分散剂吸附在VCM液滴表面形成的：崩解型是VCM单体进入纳米颗粒孔道，发生聚合反应后热量积聚造成的；而微胶囊结构则是纳米颗粒表面在冷分散阶段浓集了引发剂，升温聚合时，纳米颗粒作为提供游离基的刚性骨架，产生了诸多毛杆高分子后形成的结果。     

双电层电容器用多孔炭材料的研究与开发

阐述了双电层电容器的工作原理，探讨了多孔炭材料的比表面积、孔径分布、表面官能团、表面石墨微晶取向、体积密度和电导率以及电化学稳定性等微孔结构与物理化学性质对其电容特性的影响，介绍了近年来用作双电层电容器电极的几种新型多孔炭材料的研究进展。     

掺钾的锰－铈氧化物催化剂结构和甲苯完全氧化反应性能

本文研究了负载的铈－锰氧化物上掺钾对甲苯完全氧化反应性能的影响．结果表明当铈锰原子比为２：１以及钾锰原子比为０．４：１时．催化剂活性最好．稳定性实验表明．在２５０ｈ的时间内活性基本稳定不变．ＸＲＤ和ＸＰＳ表征结果显示铈的加入促进了锰的高分散，加入的钾也显示高分散．表面上铈锰的比例与体相基本一致．铈和锰氧化物的Ｏｌｓ峰具有相同的结合能。     

纤维素科学与技术研究进展

本文综述纤维素科学与技术的研究进展。阐述了纤维素结构、纤维素的合成、纤维素液晶、功能纤维素、纤维素溶剂、纤维素裂解和纤维素的废物利用等的最新动态。     

Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting Through Optimization of Preparation and Operation Conditions of Layered Perovskite Photocatalysts

The layered perovskite materials were found to give the high photocatalytic activity in water splitting reaction under UV irradiation, where the electronic structure of perovskite slab constructing the layered structure (the total cation valency) was the most crucial factor to the high photocatalytic activity. Both the excessive cation valency and the layered structure were required for active photocatalysts, while the slab thickness of layered perovskites had an insignificant effect on water-splitting activity. In order to identify key variables that affected photocatalytic activity and to optimize the performance of (110) layered perovskite, La₂Ti₂O₇ was modified by various methods. The optimum amount of loaded nickel had a great effect and the amount depended on the surface area of the perovskite phase. When an alkaline-earth element such as Ba, Sr, and Ca was doped on La₂Ti₂O₇, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced markedly. Introduction of an alkaline hydroxide into the reaction system as an external additive enhanced the activity further showing extremely high quantum yields close to 50%.