CONTROL OF A PULSED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION COLUMN BASED ON A MULTILEVEL SYSTEM OF AUTOMATA

This paper presents the real-time application of the learning control theory to the control of a chemical pilot plant: a pulsed liquid-liquid extraction column.

The behaviour of an agitated liquid-liquid extraction column can be related to random mechanisms such as the phenomena of droplets breakage and coalescence. Previous studies on hydrodynamic and mass transfer aspects showed that a pulsed liquid-liquid extraction column had an optimal behaviour for operating conditions close to flooding. These results led to choose the following strategy to control the column in its optimal behaviour zone:

- the measure of the conductivity of the liquid medium below the distributor which gives a good information about flooding, is the controlled variable

-the pulse frequency is the control action.

The learning control algorithm is based on a multilevel system of automata which operates in a random environment. By means of an evaluation unit of the performances of the column which generates either penalty (inaction) or reward on the basis of heuristic rules, the automaton chooses a value of the pulse frequency. This approach is essentially connected to artificial intelligence in so far as human knowledge on the plant is included in these rules.

This algorithm has been implemented on a microcomputer for control purposes. The experimental results presented show the good performances of the approach.     

优化氯处理工艺 提高氯气干燥质量

分析了氯气的洗涤冷却效果等影响氯气干燥质量的因素，提出改进氯水洗涤塔洗涤效果、稳定干燥塔运行工况、降低氯气中酸雾夹带以及提高酸雾捕集效果的措施。     

连续式双膜分离塔的数学模型

本文建立了适用于连续式双膜分离塔的数学模型。用实验数据验证了数学模型的可行性和合理性。将本模型与已发表的模型进行了比较,结果表明本模型具有形式简单、计算方便和适用范围更宽广等优点。     

气—液鼓泡塔中流动域和气含率的分布

利用压力传感器测定了气、液两相鼓泡塔内不同轴、径向位置上压强的脉动信号,分析了压强的脉动特征,计算了各种操作条件下塔内不同轴向位置截面上的平均气含率,发现在不同操作条件下,塔内可能出现不同的流动域分布,即全塔均匀鼓泡域、全塔过渡域、全塔湍动鼓泡域以及均匀鼓泡域,过渡域和湍动鼓泡域中的相邻2种或3种流域同时出现在塔内不同高度上。提出了不同轴向位置流域转变的判据。并发现,同一截面的不同径向位置基本处于同一流域内。同时研究了鼓泡塔内气含率在轴向上的分布规律,给出了不同流动域内气含率的关系式。     

FORMATION AND FLOW OF GAS BUBBLES IN A PRESSURIZED BUBBLE COLUMN WITH A SINGLE ORIFICE OR NOZZLE GAS DISTRIBUTOR

The characteristics of gas bubbles in a 5 cm diameter bubble column equipped with a single orifice of 1,3 or 5 mm diameter were investigated under system pressure of 0.1-15 MPa. The formation of gas bubbles was strongly affected by the system pressure. Under high pressures a dispersed gas jet was formed at gas velocities where spherical gas bubbles would have been formed at atmospheric pressure. The critical gas velocity between the bubbling regime and the jetting regime was correlated with the liquid phase Weber number and the gas phase Reynolds number based on the gas velocity at the orifice. Bubble size and gas holdup in the main part of the bubble column were also affected by the bubble formation pattern at the distributor     

Energy Efficiency of Two‐Phase Mixing in a Modified Bubble Column

Energy efficiency for gas liquid mixing in a modified downflow bubble column reactor has been analyzed in this paper. Efficiencies of the different parts of the bubble column have been assessed on the basis of energy dissipation. Prediction of the energy dissipation coefficient as well as energy utilization efficiency due to gas‐liquid mixing as a function of different physical, geometric and dynamic variables of the system has been done by correlation method. The distribution of energy utilization in the different zones of the column has also been analyzed. Experiments were carried out with air‐water and air‐aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose with different concentrations.     

取代基及分子量对非离子型纤维素醚表面特性的影响

根据Washburn的浸渍理论(Penetration Theory)和van Oss-Good- Chaudhury的组合理论(Combining Theory)及应用柱状灯芯技术(Column Wicking Technique),对几种非离子型纤维素醚,如甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素的表面特性进行了测试。由于这些纤维素醚的取代基、取代度和分子量不同,所以它们的表面能及其组成部分有着明显的差异。数据说明,非离子型纤维素醚Lewis碱大于Lewis酸,表面自由能的主要成分是Lifshitz-van der Waals力。羟丙基的表面能及其成分都大于羟甲基。而在相同取代基和取代度的前提下,羟丙基纤维素的表面自由能正比于分子量;而羟丙基甲基纤维素的表面自由能则正比于取代度,反比于分子量。实验还发现非离子型纤维素醚中的取代基羟丙基和羟丙基甲基的表面能似乎都大于纤维素的表面能,而实验证明所测试得出的纤维素的表面能及其成分的数据是与文献所吻合的。     

毛细管色谱法同时测定异戊二烯中环戊二烯、甲基吡咯烷酮和二甲基甲酰胺

用毛细色谱法建立异戊二烯中各组分定性分析方法及环戊二烯,N-甲基吡咯烷酮,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的测定方法。气相色谱条件:采用OV-1701毛细管气相色谱柱,50 m×0.32 mm×0.53μm。程序升温60℃保持5 min后,以10℃/min升至190℃,保持3 min。氮气(纯度99.999%)为载气,柱前压为69 kPa。分流进样,分流比1∶100。进样口温度200℃,FID检测器,检测器温度为200℃。结果表明,异戊二烯中各组分均达到良好分离。环戊二烯、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的线性范围均为0.5~1 200μg/mL;回收率分别为96.0%~98.5%,95.0%~102%,96.0%~99.6%;检出限均达到0.5μg/mL。其方法简单、快捷且灵敏度高,可以用于异戊二烯中杂质含量的控制。     

气相色谱法低柱温技术在测定环境样品痕量八氟异丁烯中的应用

研究了色谱柱柱温对柱流失、分离效果的影响，采用低柱温技术显著降低了柱流失造成的背景，有利于痕量组分的分析；低柱温技术还明显提高了色谱柱分离效率，有利于在复杂成分样品中低沸点物质的测定。研究了在测定痕量全氟异丁烯中采用ECD检测器与相匹配的色谱柱问题，发现采用交联聚甲基硅氧烷类色谱柱比较适宜。利用本技术测定废水、环境气体中的痕量全氟异丁烯得到了满意的效果。     

振冲置换法在长江护岸地基处理中的应用

为解决长江高填方护岸深厚覆盖层地基的抗滑稳定问题,采用振冲置换法对地基进行加固处理。计算分析表明,振冲碎石桩处理范围、桩间距、桩长等参数应结合地形、地质条件进行设计,振冲置换法与其他地基处理方式进行有机结合能够取得更好的处理效果;护岸地基通过振冲置换处理后,抗滑稳定性能够满足规范要求。采用振冲碎石桩对软弱地基进行置换形成复合地基,能够有效解决地基砂土液化问题、承载力问题及抗剪强度问题。