离子液体中电化学还原CO2研究评述与展望

近百年来,伴随着矿石燃料的大量消耗,CO₂的排放量剧增,引发了全球性的生态环境和社会问题。CO₂同时也是廉价且可再生的碳资源,可作为生产醇、醚、酸、酯等重要化工品的原料。在众多吸引力十足的CO₂利用路线中,作为清洁、可控的反应过程,电化学还原固定CO₂技术在温和条件下生产化学品方面具有独特的优势。离子液体以其特有的性质被广泛用于电化学还原CO₂过程,本文对目前国内外离子液体介质中电化学还原CO₂的研究现状进行了综述,介绍了离子液体介质中电化学还原CO₂的主要反应及基本原理;针对离子液体对CO₂高效活化和转化等关键科学问题进行深入探讨,提出新型功能化离子液体的应用将成为CO₂电化学还原领域的发展方向和热点。     

富气压缩机管线的阻尼减振应用

和传统被动减振技术相比,阻尼减振具有高稳定性、优越的可控性,机械设备运行过程中的振动能量可转换为其他形式能量耗散,达到减振的目的。本文针对山东某石化公司富气压缩机出口管线振动过大问题,运用ANSYS模态分析并结合现场振动情况分析得到管线振动原因,通过阻尼减振原理分析阻尼减振的可实施性,并利用SAP2000阻尼减振仿真计算提出解决管线振动的最优方案。运用阻尼减振技术,结合现场管线走向情况,在不改变原有框架结构以及不停机的基础上,安装作者专利产品蜂窝型阻尼器。现场安装阻尼器后,富气压缩机出口管线振动幅值符合美国普渡振动标准,阻尼减振降幅达到60%以上,最大降幅达到94.2%,消除了疲劳振动等安全隐患,实现了整个机组的安全运行。此外,框架平台振动降幅达到60%以上,说明阻尼减振有利于化工设备平台的稳定性。     

CuO改性商用选择性催化还原催化剂催化氧化单质汞性能

燃煤烟气中单质汞（Hg⁰）的高效氧化是提高燃煤电厂脱汞效率的关键,为提高传统选择性催化还原（SCR）催化剂氧化Hg⁰的性能,本文采用溶液浸渍法制备了CuO-SCR催化剂,在固定床反应装置上考察了其脱硝协同氧化单质汞性能,并借助BET、XRD和XPS等分析技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,CuO的掺杂显著提高了商用SCR催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能和低温脱硝活性;在200~400℃内,随着反应温度升高和NO+NH₃浓度增大,NH₃对CuO-SCR催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能抑制作用加强;在350℃、模拟燃煤烟气条件下,随着空速比的减小,催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能显著提高,NH₃对Hg⁰氧化的抑制作用明显减弱。催化剂表征结果表明,CuO-SCR催化剂表面存在氧化还原反应V⁴⁺+Cu²⁺?V⁵⁺+Cu⁺,增强了催化剂的催化活性。Hg⁰在CuO-SCR催化剂表面的氧化过程遵循Mars-Maessen机制,能够有效增强催化剂的Hg⁰氧化性能。     

NH3-SCR工艺中硫酸铵盐的生成与分解机理研究进展

以氨为还原剂的选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）脱硝法具有脱硝效率高、选择性好和技术完善等优点,是目前应用最广泛的燃煤电厂等行业的烟气脱硝技术。然而,烟气中的SO₂流经SCR催化剂时,在V₂O₅的催化作用下部分氧化为SO₃,随后与NH₃和水蒸气反应生成硫酸氢铵和硫酸铵。当烟气温度低于硫酸铵盐的凝结温度时,会沉积在催化剂、空预器及其附属设备上,引发诸多严重的问题。本文首先介绍了硫酸铵盐的形成机理,随后从反应物浓度和反应温度等角度概括了影响硫酸铵盐生成的因素,分析了硫酸铵盐的沉积及其所带来的危害。然后介绍了硫酸铵盐的分解机理,重点分析了催化剂与硫酸氢铵之间的相互作用,指出了这种相互作用对硫酸氢铵分解的影响,由此提出了控制硫酸铵盐生成的措施。最后指出,系统研究NH₃-SCR工艺中硫酸铵盐的生成与分解机理将为催化剂的失活与再生、低温SCR催化剂的开发和燃煤机组等相关设备的设计和运行优化等提供理论依据。     

Combined effects of temperature and Reynolds number on drag‐reducing characteristics of a cationic surfactant solution

The drag‐reducing characteristics in the turbulent channel flow of dilute cationic surfactant solution, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC)/sodium salicylate (NaSal) aqueous solution, were experimentally investigated in a closed loop fluid flow facility at different temperatures. The mass concentrations of the surfactant solution ranged from 75 to 200 ppm, and the temperatures ranged from 15 to 55°C. The cationic surfactant solution showed a great drag‐reducing ability, which was greatly affected by concentration, temperature, and Reynolds number. It was found that there existed a critical temperature T_c in each solution at different concentrations. Above T_c, drag‐reduction level decreases and reaches the behaviour of water flow without drag‐reducing ability. A new temperature parameters T_f, was proposed, and the difference between T_c and T_f can represent the effective temperature range for the drag reduction at a certain Reynolds number. The variation tendency of T_f and T_c with Reynolds numbers can give the guidance of selecting effective drag reduction range to the practical application in the district heating systems (DHS). It was supposed that temperature and shear stress are two kind of energy applied on the surfactant microstructure, which can be helpful to the surfactant network formation or dissociation depending on their values. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

EFFECT OF REDUCTION CONDITIONS ON THE ACTIVITY OF Ni/γAl2O3 CATALYST FOR METHANATION REACTION

The effect of reduction conditions, mainly reduction temperature and duration time on the activity of Ni/γAl₂O₃ catalyst were studied for a methanation reaction in a gradientless Berty reactor. The methanation reaction was investigated using a feed containing CO (6.7 mole%), H₂ (26 mole%) and the balance being nitrogen at a pressure of 30 psig and a fixed temperature of 350°C. The reduction temperature was varying from 250 to 500°C, in order to investigate its effect on the methanation reaction. The methanation activity of the catalyst increased to a maximum by increasing the reduction temperature up to a maximum at 300-350°C and showed a slight negative decline afterward. The second parameter investigated was reduction duration time which was varied from 2 to 16 hours. It was observed that the methanation reaction activity increased by increasing the reduction duration time up to 6 hours. After six hours, there was no increase in activity. Based on the finding of this investigation, a recommended set of reduction conditions is given: reduction temperature of 300°C and a duration time of six hours.     

2,6-二羟基改性PBO的AB型新单体的合成

研究了以2,6-二羟基-1-甲酯-1,4-苯二酸(α酯)与4-氨基-6-硝基间苯二酚盐酸盐(ANR·HCl)为原料经酰氯化、N-酰化、环合和催化加氢还原等一系列反应合成得到中间体4-[(2,4-二羟基-5-硝基苯基)氨甲酰基]-2,6-苯甲酸甲酯(2,6-DH-MNC)和4-(6-羟基-5-硝基-2-苯并 唑基)-2,6-苯甲酸甲酯(2,6-DH-MNB)及2,6-二羟基改性PBO的AB型新单体4-(5-氨基-6-羟基-2-苯并 唑基)-2,6-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(2,6-DH-MAB),并对环合和催化还原加氢的反应条件进行了优化。结果表明:对于环合反应,以二乙二醇二甲醚为溶剂,多聚磷酸(PPA)为脱水剂,PPA中P₂O₅质量分数83%,w(2,6-DH-MNC):w(PPA)=1:6,反应温度140℃,反应时间8h,2,6-DH-MNB收率74.15%,HPLC纯度98.76%;催化加氢还原反应,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,w(5%Pd/C):w(2,6-DH-MNB)=1:20,氢气压力0.5~1MPa和温度60℃下反应3h得到2,6-DH-MAB,HPLC纯度99.69%,收率81.42%。中间体和产物结构经FT-IR、13C NMR、¹H NMR和ESI-MS表征确认。     

生物表面活性剂提高采收率技术室内研究

通过稠油微生物乳化降粘试验,筛选培养出高效的生物表面活性剂菌种,研究影响表面活性剂驱油体系生长的因素,对其现场应用潜力进行了分析研究。通过室内研究,生物表面活性剂能够改善界面润湿性,克服原油吸附功,强化水驱条件下剩余油的启动,与聚合物在驱油机制和功能上实现互补,对微生物采油技术研究也具有重要意义。     

硼铁精矿含碳球团还原过程数学模型

通过等温热重实验分析CO/CO2/N2气氛中硼铁精矿还原和无烟煤气化的动力学特性,求得Fe3O4→Fe O和Fe O→Fe两个还原阶段及碳素溶损反应的活化能分别为74.72,65.74与194.72 k J/mol.建立了硼铁精矿含碳球团还原过程数学模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性.考察了球团尺寸、孔隙率、反应活化能对金属化率的影响,结果表明,球团尺寸从φ16 mm×8 mm增加至φ32 mm×16 mm,前期还原速率降低,但最终金属化率从85%上升至99.4%;球团孔隙率对还原过程影响较小;碳素溶损反应活化能上升抑制还原进行,但对最终金属化率没有影响,而当界面还原活化能从初始值的0.95倍上升至1.05倍时,不仅反应速率下降,最终金属化率也从99.59%降低至94.81%.从活化能对还原过程影响推断,反应前期还原过程受碳气化和铁氧化物还原联合控制,后期为铁氧化物还原反应控制.