Kinetic Equation for Internal Oxidation of Cu-Al Alloy Spheres

The kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy spheres, containing up to 2.214% mole fraction Al was investigated in the temperature range 1 023 K to 1 273 K, and the depth of internal oxidation was measured in the microscopy. A kinetic equation was derived to describe the internal oxidation of Cu-A1 alloy spheres, which was checked experimentally by means of oxidation depth measurements. The results show that the derived equation is exact enough to describe the kinetics of internal oxidation of Cu-Al alloy spheres. Based on this equation and the oxidation depth measurements, the permeability of oxygen in solid copper has been obtained. Investigation also shows that in the process of internal oxidation, there is no evidence for preferential diffusion along grain boundaries.     

平均空间占有量对混沌的度量——均匀度理论之应用

对于一条离散的、混沌的轨道,独占球体积是轨道上一个点的空间占有量,k步混沌强度（kSCM）是轨道的平均空间占有量,它被用于度量混沌轨道的特征.取k=400,应用400步混沌强度（400SCM）,对Lorenz系统和Henon map进行分析,400SCM与李亚普诺夫指数有相似的走势.Lorenz系统的Prandtl数a与400SCM的关系是单调的,Rayleigh数b在[12,28]的区间上是混沌的,没有准周期窗口,但参数c与400SCM的关系不是单调的,说明在c∈[2.666,4.566]区间上,准周期窗口与混沌窗口交错.对Henon map的计算结果表明b=1.7和a=1.3附近存在准周期窗口.基于上述计算结果得出k步混沌强度能够准确度量混沌特征.     

全自动测色仪系统误差分析及技术改造

为了提高测色仪的稳定性，减小测量误差，对测色仪的照明系统，探测系统和数据处理系统进行了分析，对光源的选择，积分球的材料，噪声的抑制采取了一些改进措施，并且以AT89C51RD2微控制器为核心，实现了对色样的颜色测量、色度数据存储和显示、数据分析及色差报告等功能。结果表明，提高了测色仪的测量精度及测量稳定性，减小测量误差，测量的重复性完全达到了国家计量院规定的s（△E）〈0．2要求。     

Facile synthesis of hierarchically structured NiO flower-like hollow spheres

The hierarchical flower-like NiO hollow spheres were synthesised by a facile method without using any templates or surfactants. The as-prepared sample and precursor were characterised by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the as-prepared NiO is self-assembled hierarchically. During the assembly of NiO, the reaction time plays an important role. The flower-like NiO hollow sphere showed much higher catalytic activity than large-size NiO or hollow NiO for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene due to its special structure.     

Fabrication of cobalt aluminum-layered double hydroxide nanosheets/carbon spheres composite as novel electrode material for supercapacitors

A new design route was presented to fabricate cobalt aluminum-layered double hydroxide(CoAl-LDH) thin layers which grow on carbon spheres(CSs) through a growth method. The CoAl-LDH thin layers consist of nanoflakes with a thickness of 20 nm. The galvanostatic charge–discharge test of the CoAl-LDH/CSs composite shows a great specific capacitance of 1198 F/g at 1 A/g (based on the mass of the CoAl-LDH/CSs composite) in 6 mol/L KOH solution, and the composite displays an impressive specific capacitance of 920 F/g even at a high current density of 10 A/g. Moreover, the composite remains a specific capacitance of 928 F/g after 1000 cycles at 2 A/g, and the specific capacitance retention is 84%, indicating that the composite has high specific capacitance, excellent rate capability and good cycling stability in comparison to pristine CoAl-LDH.     

预应力网架结构的初步研究

通过对网架结构受力特点的分析及对球铰构造的重新设计，使预应力技术在网架中得到应用，从而提高了整个网架结构的受力可靠性，为高强度材料在网架结构中的应用提供了可行性，减轻网架自重、节约了材料。     

Fabrication of egg-shell-roofed macroporous nickel films by a template-mediated electrodeposition process

Through an electrostatics-induced adsorption effect, nickel ions were found to be preferentially adsorbed onto the surface of colloidal particles at template top during the template-mediated electrodeposition process for preparing macroporous structures. This phenomenon results in the preferential reduction and growth of nickel on colloid surface on the template top, instead of filling into the channels among the colloids. After removing the template, an egg-shell-roofed macroporous nickel, consisting of macroporous film covered with monolayer of hollow spheres, can be created.     

Nanostructured photoelectrode consisting of TiO2 hollow spheres for non-volatile electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solar cells

A photoelectrode consisting of titania hollow spheres for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is prepared by a paste method and the effect of the nanostructure on the performance of DSSCs with non-volatile electrolytes is investigated. The structure of the hollow sphere (HS) electrode with a large pore size and a high porosity allows highly viscous non-volatile electrolytes to penetrate the electrode thoroughly. Furthermore, its outstanding light-harvesting efficiency and long electron diffusion length make the efficiency of the DSSCs with the HS electrode comparable with those of a conventional nanocrystalline electrode, in spite of the smaller amount of the adsorbed dye, when oligomer electrolytes are used. The results show that the structure of a photoelectrode highly improves the performance of the device and the HS electrode is an effective structure for the use of non-volatile electrolytes in DSSCs.     

Diffusion cloud around and downstream of active sphere immersed in granular bed through which fluid flows

The concentration distribution in the wake of (and around) a soluble or fast reacting sphere, immersed in a granular bed of inert particles through which liquid or gas flows, with “uniform velocity”, has been obtained numerically, for solute transport by both advection and diffusion.Fluid flow in the granular bed around the sphere was assumed to follow Darcy's law and the elliptic PDE equation, resulting from a differential material balance on the solute in an elementary control volume, was solved numerically over the “whole range” of values of the Peclet number. The solution gives the steady state concentration contour plots around the sphere and, for each concentration level, the downstream extent and approximate maximum width of the corresponding contour surface were determined. General expressions are presented (as Eqs. (20) and (21)) to relate those variables with the Peclet number and this provides simple formulae to compute the approximate size of the diffusion wake downstream of the active sphere.     

Numerical simulation of motion of rigid spherical particles in a rotating tumbler with an inner wavelike surface

The present work is a numerical simulation of motion of rigid spherical particles within a 2-D tumbler with an inner wavelike surface. The rotation of the tumbler is simulated as a traveling sine wave around a circle. The discrete element method (DEM, a hard sphere approach) is used. The particle-wall interactions are taken into account in a changed numerical approach of hard sphere model. The effects of two basic factors of the rotating velocity (phase velocity) and the wave numbers are separately investigated. A simple but useful method for cluster identification is provided and used. The energy-based analysis of particle clusters and the motion pattern study indicate the existence of a pulsed variation in the kinetic energy of the clusters at low wave numbers and a cyclic bulk motion of the clusters at high wave numbers. The necessary conditions for the pulsed variation of motion of particle clusters at low wave number are analyzed and a mode for industrial application, e.g. coal grinding process in power plant, is demonstrated.