Product Policy as an Instrument for Water Quality Management

A main reason for the persistence of current water pollution lies in the diffuse character of many of its sources. For a large part such diffuse pollution is related to the production, use and waste of various kinds of products. For the reduction of this pollution, a product-oriented policy strategy, based on interaction with stakeholders could be more successful than the traditional measures of direct regulation that were devised for point source reduction. In this article we identify different types of product policy, and explore the potential benefits and costs for water quality management. The methods that can be used in a product policy approach are illustrated with some examples. Although the specific advantages for water quality management have not been quantified yet, governments increasingly recognise the potential positive effects. In this context, the European Water Framework Directive, in stimulating product policy by enhancing public and stakeholders participation, can be considered to be part of a general development towards interactive water management.     

Urban creep in Scotland: stakeholder perceptions,quantification and cost implications of permeable solutions

The gradual increase in impermeable surface area in urban conurbations has clear consequences for flood risk. This paper details an investigation into the impact of one element of urban creep (hardstanding/paving provision) on flood risk and water quality in Scotland. Following a review of current hardstanding practice, an extensive stakeholder consultation exercise is presented. The outcomes of this consultation clearly highlight that the installation of impermeable hardstanding in Scotland is sufficiently widespread to justify measures to discourage such development. This is confirmed by the results of a residential survey, which indicates that there has been a near quadrupling of the area of impermeable hardstanding in three typical residential areas of Edinburgh. A number of case studies are presented, and it is concluded that, although more costly, permeable hardstanding solutions offer multiple benefits to the urban drainage cycle and should be promoted through legislation, education and incentivisation. Finally, recommendations for future work are detailed.     

老社区改造决策中的多元主体博弈与平衡——以北京市某社区改造为例

研究基于对北京一处典型老社区改造过程的调查分析发现,在多元主体决策背景下,具有特殊知识背景和社会地位的社区领袖的存在能够提高公众参与的程度,使得社区普通居民拥有更多的话语权,提高社区改造的质量。老社区改造是一项系统工程,需构建以人为本的系统性改造框架,切实改变政府一刀切的思路,转变规划管理部门的管理职责,引入社会资本,建立规划师制度,培育社区领袖,重构老社区秩序,以促进老社区的健康发展。     

How to create a space for stakeholders’ involvement in construction

The aim is to investigate how stakeholders can participate in the early phases of construction projects and how relevant insights can be gathered from stakeholders with very different backgrounds and interests. To gain these insights, it is important to understand how a space can be created to facilitate communication between professionals and stakeholders. The research draws on the literature of design and user-driven innovation in order to get a richer understanding of stakeholders’ involvement in construction. The method applied is research based on three stakeholder workshops, interviews and observations from a single case study. The findings provide valuable information on six aspects of who the stakeholders are in construction, what these stakeholders can do in construction when involved, how to involve these stakeholders in a construction project, how a space can be staged and facilitated for the meeting of stakeholders, and what kind of information can be collected from the stakeholders to influence the development process. The findings show how creating and facilitating a workshop as a socio-technical space across boundaries can overcome barriers and improve stakeholders’ involvement and thus provide better insights into their needs, values and concerns.     

A Heuristic Approach for Exploring Uncertainties in Transport Planning Research

ABSTRACT

This literature review aims to identify situations of uncertainty from differing perspectives of transport planning research. It elaborates a heuristic framework based on three potential sources of uncertainty: reality, knowledge, and products. The heuristic approach focuses on the way in which uncertainties are first identified as part of the planning context and process, then translated into planning artifacts and concepts, and finally managed in the selection of planning options and effects. We illustrate how this framework can provide a useful tool for theoretical and empirical research in transport planning.     

基于社会网络分析的综合能源服务市场利益相关者关系研究

当前形势下,综合能源服务事业的发展不仅需要国家和政府制定的各项方针和政策,更依赖于电力企业、互联网公司、科研机构、能源设备供应商、金融公司等相互配合、共同促进。首先选取上述利益相关者类别中的成员为评价对象,进行专家咨询与实地考察。随后对调查数据进行筛选和二次处理,运用社会网络分析软件构建一个综合能源服务市场模型,在中心度、网络密度以及凝聚子群3方面对其进行分析,结果显示了网络中的核心成员与各其他成员间的紧密程度及小团体情况。最后对未来综合能源服务市场发展进行了展望。     

历史文化旅游地区利益相关者中心度分析——以成都为例

处理好历史文化旅游地区建设中不同利益相关者的诉求,是使历史文化旅游地区有形与无形文化遗产得到切实保护与持续发展的基础。本文以成都为研究对象,运用社会网络分析的方法,绘制利益相关者网络图,进行中心度分析,计算出五大利益主体的结点中心度和相对中心度。结论显示,在历史文化旅游地区利益相关者中游客是一个核心主体,要实现历史文化旅游地区在保护基础上的可持续发展,应考虑游客的利益诉求。     

存量更新视角下空间策划和城市设计联动机制思考

当前,我国特大城市、大城市相继进入了从增量扩张到存量转型为主的阶段。梳理城市更新的阶段特征、利益主体和驱动要素等理论研究,对传统城市设计研究进行反思。在此基础上,借鉴系统论分析框架,提出“空间策划——城市设计”联动机制,指出对城市设计作用的认识从蓝图控制转向解题之道;对城市设计主体的分析从政府主导转向多元主体协商;对城市设计方法的运用从物质空间环境营造转向策划和经营兼顾的城市空间管理的范式转型。并结合商业地块导则、市政用地更新和历史街区复兴等案例,对“策划-设计”联动机制加以读解和分析。     

融合路网-电网信息的电动汽车充放电行为引导与调控策略

在智慧城市理念快速发展的背景下,电动汽车（EV）无引导的出行与无序的充放电行为影响着电力-交通耦合网络的安全高效运行。针对此问题,提出一种融合路网-电网信息的EV充放电行为引导与调控两阶段优化策略。首先,分析电力-交通耦合网络的交互影响因素和方式,提出EV充放电出行路径引导和调控架构;其次,提出融合路网-电网信息的EV充放电出行决策电价动态更新策略,并建立计及用户时间-经济成本的EV充放电出行路径决策优化模型;然后,兼顾多方主体利益,建立EV充放电调控模型;最后,仿真结果表明,所提策略能够综合考虑路网和电网实时运行状态,充分挖掘EV在路径引导与充放电调控过程中的可调潜力,实现系统协调运行和多方共赢。     

基于多视图的特征模型定制

特征模型是捕获特定领域可复用软件需求的一种重要技术手段。对特征模型的复用通常采用定制的方式,通过定制使其适应领域内不同系统的特定需求。特征模型定制的一个难点在于定制过程往往涉及众多的利益相关者,而这些利益相关者的关注点各有不同。由于特征模型是针对整个领域的需求而组织的,特定利益相关者的关注点可能散布在整个特征模型中且可能与其他利益相关者的关注点相互交织,这为特定利益相关者的定制工作带来一定的困难。为此,文章提出一种基于多视图的特征模型定制方法,针对不同的利益相关者将其所关注的散布在整个特征模型中的信息聚类到不同的视图中,并提供一种约束一致性维护机制,方便相应的利益相关者的定制活动。