企业主动性环境管理的发展演变与实施策略

基于文献研究了企业主动性环境管理的发展演变与实施策略。研究发现,首先,主动性环境管理的发展与演变可以分为三个阶段：a.被动型—＂危机＂模式阶段;b.反应型—成本模式阶段;c.主动型—环境管理模式阶段。其次,企业主动性环境管理的驱动因素包括四个方面：法律责任因素,成本因素,利益相关者影响,竞争需求。最后,针对我国食品企业,基于以上研究发现,提出了我国食品企业实施主动性环境管理的战略模型与计划。     

External stakeholder strategic actions in projects: A multi-case study

Although understanding external stakeholders' influence is important to achieving success, little attention has been paid to their influence strategies in project management. This paper aims to explore combinations of actions that external stakeholders normally pursue to influence construction projects, and to hypothesise factors affecting the use of these combinations. A theoretical framework of stakeholder strategic actions was proposed and applied, and a multiple-case study in the Vietnamese construction industry was employed. Three combinations of influence strategies were identified: communication and credibility building were employed concurrently by organised groups in projects affecting the environment; direct action and conflict escalation were exerted together by unorganised groups in cases leading to displacements of the locals; and coalition building was combined with communication by both groups irrespective of projects' impacts. The utilisation of a combination can be affected by the selection of lobbying actions and characteristics of individual strategies, and stakeholders' motives, attributes and perceptions.     

Selection of the optimal alternative: rehabilitation of a regional drainage channel in Bangladesh

Due to the dynamic inter-relationship between human society and water resources, decision-making is a tricky task in water management sectors. In this study, multi-criteria analysis has been used as a decision support tool for the selection of a sustainable option in a regional channel improvement in Bangladesh. The Malnichara channel flows across the north-eastern divisional city of the country, and is responsible for storm water conveyance to the downstream Surma River. The channel was observed to be at risk due to anthropogenic activities such as encroachment, sewage and solid waste disposal and the filling up of natural depression basins. Using the multi-criteria analysis, three alternatives for channel improvement (sodding natural channel, lined natural channel and concrete box culvert) were evaluated with respect to ten indicators, grouped into four sustainability criteria (technical, economic, environmental and social). Sodding natural channel was found to be the optimal alternative, though the selection was sensitive to social criteria. Such a straightforward tool can efficiently be used to ensure sustainability of the channel through stakeholders' involvement in decision-making.     

利益相关者视阈下的 BIM 应用价值 与阻碍问题研究

高投资回报率是 BIM 得以在建筑工程项目迅速普及和发展的显著动因之一,以往文献多以工程案例或实证分析探 讨其应用价值或主要阻碍问题,忽略了组合影响与利益相关者的利益博弈,所得结论单一缺失共识性。基于利益相关者理论, 从学术谱系回溯高被引文献,构建应用价值与阻碍问题影响因子;以中国建筑业协会 BIM 专家库作为样本框进行非概率性 随机抽样获得 104 个样本,通过探索性因子分析评价 BIM 的应用价值权重,以及应用中存在的主要障碍问题,为项目参与 方提供管理、投资或决策参考,为促进 BIM 技术应用发展提出建议     

The role of ‘early-phase mining’ in reframing net-positive development

The term ‘net-positive development’ has gained significant recognition by both academics and professionals, especially in architecture. A net-positive development increases or creates economic, social and ecological capital(s) and makes a positive contribution to ecosystem services. Designing how excess resources may be used beyond a site's boundary is a very appealing notion, but difficult to put into practice without the tools and methods to support net-positive development. The effectiveness and potential impact on community design of ‘net-positive development’ is questioned when its evaluation is limited to a quantitative analysis only. A broader definition of net positive is offered that equally places social dimensions alongside ecological health through ‘mining’ for synergies and leverage points in the early stages of a design project. An emphasis is placed on the undervalued first step in the design process of ‘mining: evaluating the dormant, inherent potential’. This can be done through a process of questioning the conventional parameters of a context's predefined limits. A framework is also provided that can prove beneficial at this phase. It is posited that strong mining can provide full-spectrum change where true positive benefits, on multiple scales and for multiple stakeholder interests, are achieved.     

Applying Lean principles to a building refurbishment project: experiences of key stakeholders

Lean construction can be conceptualized as a process-oriented approach derived from the Toyota Production System (TPS). Elements of the approach include pull-driven scheduling, minimizing stock held on site, visual management, levelling workloads and teamwork. While there has been empirical study of Lean in relation to new-builds there is a need to analyse its applicability to other contexts, such as refurbishments. The effect of using Lean on the refurbishment of a municipal building in Germany is investigated in this study. Participant observation, archival project documentation and semi-structured interviews are used to collect data on the use of Lean. The findings indicate the difficulty of applying Lean to refurbishment projects, particularly operating pull-drive scheduling, and the experience of the project brings into question the practicalities of applying the fundamental Lean principle of having a smooth level flow of work to refurbishment projects. Minimizing stock held on site with JIT delivery of materials also proved problematic, which was exacerbated by the commercial arrangements between subcontractors and suppliers providing no incentive to Lean. The use of the visual management aspects of Lean, such as performance charts, coupled with weekly meetings, were easier to adapt to the project and generally had a beneficial impact.     

符合伦理的人工智能应用的价值敏感设计:现状与展望

价值敏感设计是一种将伦理嵌入人工智能设计的高效方法,尤其是其独特的三方方法为人工智能应用提供了规避伦理问题和道德风险的手段,因此有着广阔的应用前景.本文系统地介绍了价值敏感设计的内涵、原理和方法;详细描述了价值敏感设计在国内外的研究现状,并对典型研究内容进行了对比分析;总结了近年来价值敏感设计在智能机器人、智能运载工具...     

基于利益相关者的电网建设冲突协调机制设计——电网建设外部环境中的冲突及互适应机制研究之六

电网建设外部环境涉及到多方利益群体,只有最大限度的实现各利益群体的目标,才能最终实现电网建设外部环境各利益群体的和谐,从而达到降低电网建设外部环境冲突的目标。将利益相关者理论引入电网建设补偿机制的设计中来,构建了基于利益相关者理论的补偿机制模型,并通过经济学仿真的方法对基于利益相关者的和不是基于利益相关者的补偿机制进行了仿真比较分析,验证了补偿机制的有效性。通过仿真得出在基于利益相关者理论冲突协调补偿机制中,可能有效的利用有限资金,平衡不同区域间村民和基层组织之间的利益,扩大谈判空间从而使电网建设各利益群体砸谈判过程中更快的达成一致,减少电网建设矛盾和冲突,实现了电网建设外部环境各利益群体的有效协调。     

基于博弈论的房屋检测利益主体行为影响研究

房屋安全检测直接关系到相关主体的根本利益，相关主体存在着差异化的利益诉求，致使检测结果往往存在巨大争议，倘若处理不当，将会带来潜在社会危害。针对房屋安全检测过程中的争议问题，构建博弈模型，将博弈均衡结果归纳为业主“困局型”、开发商“侥幸型”、检测机构“寻租型”。研究结果表明，业主“困局型”行为取决于业主对房屋合格概率的正确估计；开发商“侥幸型”行为取决于开发商违规操作所支付的成本；检测机构“寻租型”行为取决于检测机构获得的非法收入和被检举揭发的概率。     

Organizing external stakeholder engagement in inter-organizational projects: Opening the black box

External stakeholder engagement is crucial for delivering value to diverse stakeholders in inter-organizational projects, however, it is not straightforward to organize this in a way that adds value. The intra-organizational focus of previous research offers limited insights into the relevant roles, responsibilities, arrangements and activities in inter-organizational contexts. Moreover, comprehensive empirical studies of the phenomenon are rare. This study explicates how internal stakeholders organize external stakeholder engagement in inter-organizational projects. Our multiple-case study of two infrastructure projects in Northern Europe identified three organizing solutions based on governance, values and dynamism. While governance-based solutions provide an overall structure for organizing external stakeholder engagement, value-based solutions ensure genuine cooperation and dynamism-based solutions facilitate timely organizing. The study develops propositions that constitute a model of how external stakeholder engagement can be organized in inter-organizational projects. The findings have implications for project stakeholder management and mainstream stakeholder research.