制造服务的商业模式研究与应用

制造服务是商业模式创新的一种重要形式,基于商业模式的三大要素:客户价值主张、资源与生产过程和盈利公式,提出对应的制造服务的三种基本模式。制造服务模式首先以客户价值及其关键要素确定客户地位,建立制造服务客户价值主张的函数关系;然后建立制造服务资源与生产过程的模型,该模型突破传统"资源-生产"的经营模式,可描绘核心资源和关键业务的关系;最后通过确定制造服务的盈利模式,明确制造服务利益相关者的盈利公式。本模式体现了商业模式中制造服务三大特点,使得制造服务在实际运作中顺利运作。基于本模式在前进柴油机公司运作结果表明,采用制造服务模式后在客户关系维护、缩短交易周期等方面取得良好效果。     

A methodology to assess drought management as applied to six European case studies

The improvement of future responses to drought requires evaluating past management practices. This article presents a methodology to assess drought management through the analysis of six key policy dimensions. It uses a qualitative approach that combines different sources of information, including both factual data and stakeholders’ perceptions. The assessment is based on a six-case study in Europe having different spatial scales and characteristics, to capture the context-specific nature of response to drought. The results of the assessment help analyze drought management from a risk-management perspective as well as to identify key policy gaps and recommendations.     

Meeting on the marketplace: on the integrative potential of The Hague Market

Marketplaces are important commercial and gathering places in cities. After decades of decline and negligence, they are recently rediscovered as potential meeting grounds that bring different people together. Their integrative potential goes beyond the “ground level” of the market (with encounters between traders and visitors), also uniting different stakeholders (municipalities, traders, entrepreneurs, inhabitants, social institutions) joined around the market on an “organisational level”. Using The Hague Market in the Netherlands as case, and drawing on participant observation and semi-structured interviews, this paper investigates the integrative potential of the marketplace. It illustrates how the market indeed serves as an important meeting ground for external stakeholders, but does not (yet) unify the direct beneficiaries: the local government and market traders. Top-down government planning, previous conflicts, distrust, group loyalties, diverging business views and commercial competition are important factors hampering the integrative potential of The Hague Market.     

Exploring alternative sources of funding for deploying sustainable sanitation technologies and services in Mongolia

One of the major challenges for deploying sustainable sanitation technologies and services around the world is financing. The present study applied both qualitative (key informant interviews) and quantitative (household survey) methods to explore sources of alternative financing in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, towards deploying sustainable sanitation technologies and services. Microfinance organizations, government subsidies and mining industries may represent potential sources of financing for the implementation of sustainable sanitation technologies and services in Mongolia. Moreover, building social capital among Ger residents and reinventing the idea of ‘corporate WASH responsibility’ could constitute new directions for the future.     

Modelling the risks of extreme weather events for Australasian hospital infrastructure using rich picture diagrams

Anticipated increases in the frequency of extreme weather events in the future are likely to expose hospital infrastructure to new risks which are poorly understood. Traditional approaches to risk identification and analysis produce linear, narrow and static risk profiles which fail to consider complex sub-system interdependencies that may assist or hinder healthcare delivery during an extreme weather event. The ability to create resilient hospitals depends on new risk management methodologies which provide an understanding of these complex relationships. Focus groups with key stakeholders in three hospitals in Australia are used to construct rich picture diagrams (RPDs) of hospital infrastructure interdependencies under different extreme weather event scenarios. They show that the risks posed to hospitals by extreme weather events cannot be considered in isolation from the surrounding infrastructure, emergency management systems, health systems and communities in which they are imbedded. The new insights provided have major governance and policy implications for agencies responsible for ensuring that hospital infrastructure can continue to support the delivery of effective health services during extreme weather events.     

Sustainable property funds: financial stakeholders’ views on sustainability criteria and market acceptance

Sustainable property (real estate) funds (S-REFs) have started to enter international finance markets. An investigation in the German-speaking parts of Switzerland examined two key questions: (1) the sustainability criteria that institutional real estate investors and real estate fund (REF) suppliers regard as important for the market success of S-REFs; and (2) how they assess the market acceptance of such funds. Focus groups were conducted to define sustainability components for S-REFs from a market success perspective. A questionnaire study was then undertaken to assess the two key questions. Factor analysis identified four independent sustainability factors: (1) building materials and energy; (2) expenses, return, and flexibility; (3) green space design; and (4) landscape and natural ecology. In the factor analysis, the set of criteria relating to sustainable social infrastructure did not form an independent factor. In total, 76% of the responding institutional investors decided on an S-REF investment, and 38% reported accepting return shortfalls against the REF benchmark. The market acceptance of S-REFs by institutional investors depends on cognitive drivers, institutional context, age, and family status of investors. These results can inform the design of S-REFs, marketing strategies, and sustainability ratings.

Des fonds de placement immobilier durable ont commencé à pénétrer les marchés financiers internationaux. Une enquête effectuée dans les régions germanophones de la Suisse a examiné deux questions clés: (1) les crite`res de durabilité que les investisseurs immobiliers institutionnels et les fournisseurs de fonds immobiliers conside`rent comme importants pour le succe`s commercial des fonds de placement immobilier durable; et (2) comment ils évaluent l'acceptation de tels fonds par le marché. Des groupes de discussion ont été menés afin de définir les éléments de durabilité de ces fonds de placement immobilier durable du point de vue du succe`s commercial. Une étude par questionnaire a ensuite été entreprise pour évaluer ces deux questions clés. L'analyse factorielle a identifié quatre facteurs de durabilité indépendants: (1) les matériaux de construction et l’énergie; (2) les frais, le rendement et la flexibilité; (3) la conception des espaces verts; et (4) le paysage et l’écologie naturelle. Dans l'analyse factorielle, l'ensemble des facteurs liés aux infrastructures sociales durables ne constituait pas un facteur indépendant. Au total, 76% des investisseurs institutionnels qui ont répondu ont opté pour un investissement dans des fonds de placement immobilier durable, et 38% ont indiqué qu'ils acceptaient des pertes de rendement par rapport à l'indice de référence des fonds de placement immobilier. L'acceptation des fonds de placement immobilier durable par les investisseurs institutionnels dépend des facteurs cognitifs, du contexte institutionnel, de l’âge et de la situation de famille des investisseurs. Ces résultats peuvent avoir une influence sur la conception des fonds de placement immobilier durable, les stratégies marketing et les notations de durabilité.

Mots clés: principales parties prenantes financie`res, acceptation par le marché, investissement immobilier responsable, crite`res de durabilité, fonds de placement immobilier durable     

基于三方博弈的装配式建筑产业协同推广演化分析

通过构建演化博弈模型,分析在装配式建筑产业中政府、开发商和消费者 3 个主体策略选择的动态演化过程,并对其演化进行仿真分析。由此得出结论:在装配式建筑产业发展初期,政府在三方合作中占据主体地位。并且要使得模型向唯一理想的稳定状态（1, 1, 1）演化,必须注重提高公众对政府和装配式建筑产品的信任度,改善社会的认知。与此同时,政府要合理控制其监管成本和补贴力度,才能实现协同发展的共赢局面。     

Stakeholder dynamics and responsibilities in Public–Private Partnerships: A mixed experience

Although stakeholder management is seen as one of the main success factors of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs), to date, limited research has investigated actual stakeholder management in PPPs. After positioning PPP in the current stakeholder management theory, a comparative case study analysis of four PPP infrastructure projects demonstrates the relevance and importance of stakeholder inclusion in PPPs. The case study findings indicate that a PPP makes the stakeholder environment more complex to manage, due to the increasing importance of the stakeholder context and dynamics. Hence, allocating stakeholder responsibilities between the public initiator and private consortium becomes problematic as it goes hand in hand with balancing between reactive and proactive responses to stakeholder claims. In order to cope with the PPP specific stakeholder characteristics, the use of a dynamic dual stakeholder management tool is recommended as well as the identification of governance structures that allow the sharing and division of responsibilities between stakeholders.     

Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success

This is a theoretical paper using the Web of Science search engine and Bibexcel analysis functions to determine key literature related to ‘project success’. The paper firstly provides background to the development of project success since the 1970s. Then, an inductive thematic analysis investigates which factors stakeholders, involved in projects, perceived as key to project success.