压实粘性土三轴拉伸试验研究

对于岩土材料而言,在相同的压力下(应力张量第一不变量I1)的三轴拉伸强度与三轴压缩强度相比,在较低的偏应力下发生破坏,这说明岩土材料的强度明显依赖于偏应力张量第三不变量J3,而常用莫尔-库仑准则虽然能够反映在相同的压力下三轴拉伸与压缩强度的差异性,但其比值Q2与压力无关.通过三轴压缩和三轴拉伸试验,对主应力差和比值Q2随压力的变化进行了研究,结果表明:在一定压力范围内,主应力差与围压的关系为线性关系;在低围压(指使试样发生剪切破坏的最小围压),测试获得的主应力差值与摩尔-库伦公式计算值相当,但随着围压的增加,两者差值增加,且计算所得的主应力差均大于测试值;在一定范围内,比值Q2随压力(应力张量第一不变量I1)呈线性指数递减变化;同时在较低压力下,三轴拉压强度比值与利用莫尔-库仑准则计算的数值相当.     

基于强度稳定综合理论的深海潜器耐压圆柱壳极限强度的解算

通过对弹性基础梁复杂弯曲综合因子N的研究,得以应用强度稳定综合理论的解析法对弹性基础梁复杂弯曲的稳定性进行计算.由于圆柱壳轴对称失效变形的微分方程可化为复杂弯曲的弹性基础梁的微分方程,于是圆柱壳和加肋圆柱壳壳板失稳的临界应力公式也可以由此方法得出.最后通过与高强钢的加肋圆柱壳的实验结果和已有工作比较,证明了强度稳定综合理论方法在圆柱壳结构壳板稳定性计算上的适用性.     

加筋条件对稻草加筋盐渍土的无侧限抗压强度影响

针对稻草加筋盐渍土进行试验,进行了最适宜加筋率和最适宜加筋长度的选择,得到最适宜加筋长度为15,mm,最适宜加筋率为0.20%.在土中添加长度为15,mm,质量加筋率为0.20%的稻草,研究了不同的筋材形状对加筋盐渍土和加筋石灰土的无侧限抗压强度的影响.     

基于强度折减理论的海底斜坡稳定性分析

为加强强度折减有限元法在海底斜坡稳定性研究中的应用,以"荔湾3-1气田不良地质的风险评价"项目为工程背景,运用有限元软件ABAQUS二次开发得到的边坡稳定性分析模型对海底斜坡稳定性进行评价,并在此基础上探讨了各土体性质参数对海底斜坡稳定性的影响。该二次开发模块操作简便、计算准确,自动搜索安全系数精度高。计算结果表明海底斜坡坡度、土体不排水强度、摩擦角对海床稳定性影响较大,土体密度影响不大。     

基于位移突变判据的强度折减法边坡稳定分析

通过对有限元强度折减法失稳判据的探讨得出,相对于塑性应变贯通和不收敛判据,位移突变判据更符合边坡失稳机理,提出了基于三点位移突变判据为主,结合位移云图及塑性变形综合判定边坡稳定性的有限元强度折减法。确定了位移突变标准的两个关键点,并指出参考的位移比值应取"纯"滑坡位移比值,该值越大,边坡滑动幅度越大,边坡向危险滑动状态变化。     

黄土结构性分析及新认识

通过对黄土结构性及其对黄土力学特性影响的深入分析,认为黄土颗粒之间的力有联结力和摩擦力两种。联结力属于短程力,包括化学胶结力、土颗粒间的分子引力、薄膜水和毛细管水产生的吸力,这些力形成了黄土的联结结构强度。摩擦力属于远程力,是土体受力时土颗粒之间有相互错动、移位、重新排列的运动或趋势时才产生的阻止土体变形的力,包括颗粒之间的摩擦力和咬合力,这种力形成了黄土的摩擦结构强度。黄土的结构强度就是由联结结构强度和摩擦结构强度组成的。提出了黄土联结结构强度、摩擦结构强度、压密强度等的定量化概念。     

掺砂水泥复合土力学性能研究

水泥复合土不同围压下的常规三轴试验和无侧限抗压强度试验结果表明:在水泥土中掺入一定量的砂,可以提高水泥土的无侧限抗压强度;在有围压作用的情况下,掺砂水泥复合土的偏应力—应变关系曲线有明显的峰值,偏应力—应变关系曲线属加工软化型,其残余强度和破坏应变随着围压的增大而增大。通过SEM电镜扫描照片,进一步从微观角度分析了水泥复合土的固化机理。     

高温热采井水泥环缺陷对套管安全性的影响分析

针对水泥环缺陷导致套管承受非均匀载荷并引起套管失效的问题,建立了套管、含缺陷水泥环和地层耦合系统有限元计算模型。将温度场与应力场耦合,考虑套管强度降低,计算了水泥环缺陷形状、缺陷环向开度、缺陷深度及缺陷数量对套管安全的影响。应用塑性变形、剩余强度和安全系数来评价水泥环含缺陷井筒中套管的安全性,并分析了套管的失效模式。计算结果表明:完整井筒和水泥环含缺陷井筒中套管的屈服温度相差较大,水泥环缺陷环向开度和深度对套管安全的影响比较大。此研究为揭示套管失效机理提供了依据,对预防套损具有指导意义。     

Relationships between psychophysically acceptable and maximum voluntary hand force capacity in the context of underlying biomechanical limitations

This research investigated if proportional relationships between psychophysically acceptable and maximum voluntary hand forces are dependent on the underlying biomechanical factor (i.e. whole body balance or joint strength) that limited the maximum voluntary hand force. Eighteen healthy males completed two unilateral maximal exertions followed by a 30 min psychophysical load-adjust protocol in each of nine pre-defined standing scenarios. Center of pressure (whole body balance) and joint moments (joint strength) were calculated to evaluate whether balance or joint strength was most likely limiting maximum voluntary hand force. The ratio of the psychophysically acceptable force to the maximal force was significantly different depending on the underlying biomechanical factor. Psychophysically acceptable hand forces were selected at 86.3 ± 19.7% of the maximum voluntary hand force when limited by balance (pulling exertions), 67.5 ± 15.2% when limited by joint strength (downward pressing) and 78 ± 23% when the limitation was undefined in medial exertions.     

Forces required to operate controls on farm tractors: Implications for young operators

Farm tractors account for the majority of fatal injuries to adolescents working in agriculture and therefore remain a leading occupational priority. The question of whether these injuries occur because adolescents are assigned tractor jobs beyond their physical capabilities has not been answered. The purpose of this study was to estimate the activation forces required to operate controls on 40 tractors in common use in the US and compare them with existing estimates of physical strength for children of varying ages and with recommended ergonomic force limits for repeatedly engaging controls. Activation forces for steering, brakes and clutch were measured on each tractor. The main study finding was that the activation forces required to operate tractors typically exceeded the physical abilities of most children aged 13 to 17 years. This raises serious questions about the ability of children to safely operate tractors in common use on US farms. This study provides an ergonomic approach for evaluating the potential mismatch between young people's strength capabilities and forces required in operating farm tractors. This approach could be used in similar situations where adolescents may operate vehicles (e.g. all-terrain vehicles), machinery or other mechanical devices requiring activation of levers and controls. Study findings potentially inform the establishment of occupational policies surrounding tractor operation by young people.