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941.
The growing popularity of multimedia applications and services needs to support several quality of service metrics such as high throughput, low energy, and jitter, which is a challenging task in mobile ad hoc networks. Because of limited bandwidth, energy constraints, dynamic topology, transmission errors, and fluctuating link stability, the links between adjacent nodes are often not reliable and may break because of node mobility. Link breakage initiates the process of rerouting either at the sender node (the node at which the link breaks) or at the source node. In either case, it leads to packet loss, delivery delays, and increased control overheads. Hence, to attain a minimum quality of service, routing protocols must address the dynamic network topology. Uncertain and varying movement of nodes necessitates stability of the links between such nodes. The objective of this paper is to propose 2 protocols, the first based on link stability and the other based on route stability. Link stability identifies a stable link from the available links to the next hop and determines a stable end‐to‐end route. The probability of successful transmission of periodic packets is used as a link stability metric to assess the stable path. Acknowledgment ‐free packets are used to check connectivity in the network. Increased probability of successful transmission implies that the selected link is sustained for longer duration and can deliver packets more reliably or, as a consequence, results in a stable link to deliver a better data rate. With a stable link, there is a reduced possibility of retransmissions, reduced end‐to‐end delay, reduced control overheads, and enhanced data delivery ratio. Selection of the most stable route for data transmission improves the performance. Experimental results from simulations performed on EXata/Cyber v2.0 simulator reveal that our proposed protocols are an improvement over the existing protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end‐to‐end delay, and average route lifetime, even without route optimization with the minor increase in control packets. A case study of the application of proposed protocols is also presented. 相似文献
942.
We report on top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated on specialty paper, PowerCoat™ HD 230 from Arjowiggins Creative Papers coated with a buffer layer composed of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) blend. OFETs operate at low voltages and display average carrier mobility values of 1.7 ± 1.1 × 10−1 cm2/Vs, average threshold voltage values of −1.4 ± 0.2 V, and average on/off current ratio of 105. OFETs also display excellent operational stability demonstrated by stable 1000 scans of the transfer characteristics and by stable on-currents displaying less than 6% change during a DC bias stress test at VDS = VGS = −10 V for 1 h. Furthermore, OFETs on paper display a decrease of only 7% in their on-state current during a bending test. The performance of these OFETs on paper is comparable to that displayed by top-gate OFETs with the same geometry fabricated on glass substrates. 相似文献
943.
Highly thermal stable two-electron transport materials (ETMs) based on the triptycene containing phenylpyridine derivatives were designed and synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions efficiently. Among them, TPP shows a high triplet energy gap (ET = 2.85 eV), high glass transition temperature (Tg = 142 °C), deep HOMO level (7.0 eV) and good electron mobility. TPP performed as ETM for the green phosphorescent OLED was achieved high external quantum efficiency (EQE) compared to that of the device with TmPyPB as ETM. Moreover, thermal stability was demonstrated after thermal annealing of the device at 100 °C for 30 min, resulting in the TPP-based device reached a high EQE of 13.6% at a luminance of 100 cd m−2, while that of TmPyPB-based device have dramatically degraded under otherwise identical conditions. 相似文献
944.
Younggeun Lee Jinhyeong Kwon Jaemook Lim Wooseop Shin Sewoong Park Eunseung Hwang Jaeho Shin Hyunmin Cho Jinwook Jung Hyun-Jong Kim Seungyong Han Habeom Lee Yong Son Cheol Woo Ha Prem Prabhakaran Junyeob Yeo Seung Hwan Ko Sukjoon Hong 《Advanced functional materials》2021,31(1):2006854
Structural coloration is closely related to the progress of innovative optoelectronic applications, but the absence of direct, on-demand, and rewritable coloration schemes has impeded advances in the relevant area, particularly including the development of customized, reprogrammable optoelectronic devices. To overcome these limitations, a digital laser micropainting technique, based on controlled thin-film interference, is proposed through direct growth of the absorbing metal oxide layer on a metallic reflector in the solution environment via a laser. A continuous-wave laser simultaneously performs two functions—a photothermal reaction for site-selective metal oxide layer growth and in situ real-time monitoring of its thickness—while the reflection spectrum is tuned in a broad visible spectrum according to the laser fluence. The scalability and controllability of the proposed scheme is verified by laser-printed painting, while altering the thickness via supplementary irradiation of the identical laser in the homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions facilitates the modification of the original coloration. Finally, the proof-of-concept bolometer device verifies that specific wavelength-dependent photoresponsivity can be assigned, erased, and reassigned by the successive application of the proposed digital laser micropainting technique, which substantiates its potential to offer a new route for reprogrammable optoelectronic applications. 相似文献
945.
为有效进行700 MHz频段5G网络的规划和部署.本文通过链路预算,计算了700 MHz频段最大允许的路径损耗,再结合传播模型,给出了700 MHz频段的覆盖能力.在密集市区、一般市区、郊区和农村场景下,700 MHz频段的小区覆盖半径分别是447 m、623 m、877 m和2074 m.通过参数法给出了700 MH... 相似文献
946.
赋形天线在场馆室内分布设计中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文分析了赋形天线的结构特点和基本原理,从覆盖效果方面与普通天线进行了对比,并以具体场馆应用为例,说明了其在解决场馆容量和克服同频干扰方面的独特应用价值. 相似文献
947.
开放的ladder型无反转激光系统的稳定性分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用开放的ladder型无反转激光系统的密度矩阵运动方程组的定态解和激光场运动方程分析了系统的稳定性。结果表明:如果增益大于激光腔损耗,则零解是不稳定的;如果增益小于激光腔损耗,则零解是稳定的;如果增益大于激光腔损耗,则非零解是稳定的。 相似文献
948.
图像水印的信道容量模型及其估算 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用信息论的基本原理来估计一幅图像中可以嵌入的信息量,就是水印信道的理论容量问题。文章首先给出了水印信道的模型,然后分析了DCT系数的分布特点并从理论上估计了水印信道的容量,最后给出了相应的实验结果。 相似文献
949.
《Organic Electronics》2014,15(2):549-562
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have acquired huge attention over the past years as potential renewable energy sources, adding attractive features such as aesthetics, semi-transparency, flexibility, large area printability, improved low-light performance, and cost-effectiveness to the well-known Si-based photovoltaics. Steady improvements in OPV power conversion efficiencies are continuously reported, notably for bulk heterojunction solar cells based on conjugated polymer:fullerene blends. However, apart from efficiency and cost, the stability of organic solar cell devices is of particular concern. Among the different factors contributing to OPV instability, gradual loss of the optimum phase-separated nanomorphology of the photoactive layer blend is a critical parameter. In this paper, we present the results of ‘shelf-life’ accelerated lifetime tests performed for devices containing a range of functionalized poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) donor polymers upon prolonged thermal stress. By the incorporation of functional moieties on the side chains of P3HT-based copolymers, a remarkable improvement of the intrinsic stability of the active layer blend morphology is accomplished, even for fairly low built-in ratios (5–15%) and without crosslinking to covalently anchor the polymer and/or fullerene molecules. Moreover, these alterations do not influence the initial power conversion efficiencies to a large extent. As such, the presented approach can be regarded as an attractive paradigm for OPV active layer stability. 相似文献
950.
《Organic Electronics》2014,15(7):1317-1323
Aligned single-crystalline organic nanowires (NWs) show promising applications in flexible and stretchable electronics, while the use of pre-existing aligned techniques and well-developed photolithography techniques are impeded by the large incompatibility with organic materials and flexible substrates. In this work, aligned copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) organic NWs were grown on flexible and transparent poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate via a grating-assisted growth approach. Furthermore, a simple yet efficient etching-assisted transfer printing (ETP) method was used to achieve CuPc NW array-based flexible top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a high mobility up to 2.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, a small operating voltage within ±10 V, a high on/off ratio >104, and excellent bend stability with bending radius down to 3 mm. It is expected that the high-performance organic NW array-based top-gate OFETs with exceeding bend stability will have important applications in future flexible electronics. 相似文献