Zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate as flame‐retardant agents for flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

The flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of inorganic tin compounds such as zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and zinc stannate (ZS) were investigated in a comparison with alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, and Sb₂O₃ through the limiting oxygen index test and smoke density test. The flame‐retardant mechanisms were studied through the char yield test, SEM, quantitative analysis, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The thermal degradation in air of flexible PVC treated with the above compounds was studied by thermal analysis from ambient temperature to 800°C. The results showed that tin compounds such as ZHS and ZS could be used as a highly effective flame retardant for flexible PVC, and it appears that the tin compound may exert its action in both the condensed and vapor phases, but mainly in condensed phases as a Lewis acid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1469–1475, 2005     

On the thermal stability of xanthan gum

The thermal stability of xanthan gum in dilute aqueous solutions at 90°C is considered. The relative viscosity as a function of ageing time is discussed, and it has been found to depend on the polymer concentration and conformation as well as on the salt content. The effectiveness of a quencher demonstrates the existence of a free-radical process in the degradation. During ageing, the molecular weight first decreases by rapid random hydrolysis of the main chain and loss of the pyruvate and acetate substituents. Later, oligomers are formed corresponding to a breakdown of both the side chain and the main chain. The identification of cellodextrins in the oligomer pool demonstrates the second effect.     

Relative reactivities of alkanes in multi-component catalytic cracking reactions

An experimental technique is discussed for measuring relative reactivities of alkanes in the catalytic cracking of multi-component hydrocarbon mixtures over a heterogeneous, Y-zeolitebased catalyst at 250–350 °C. With the technique, ca. 0.1 l of an alkane mixture is evaporated and contacted with a catalyst, after which the mixture of reaction products and the unreacted feed enters the chromatographic column and is immediately analyzed. The technique is used to measure relative reactivities of 21 alkanes in a single experiment. The principal results of these experiments are similar to the results of single-component cracking: alkane reactivity rapidly increases with the increase of the carbon number, and methyl-branched alkanes are more reactive than linear alkanes. However, the variations in alkane reactivities as a function of their molecular weight and skeleton structure differ very significantly between single- and multicomponent experiments.     

阳离子交换树脂催化合成十三碳二元酸二乙酯

以强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,十三碳二元酸与乙醇为原料合成十三碳二元酸二乙酯,考察了影响反应的因素。结果表明:醇酸摩尔比为4∶1,催化剂用量为酸质量的2%,在3分子筛脱水的情况下反应7 h,酯化率达98.4%,并且催化剂可重复使用3次。     

介质阻挡放电反应器降解邻二甲苯的特性研究

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)降解常压下流动态的邻二甲苯模拟废气,系统地考察了放电极值电压,气体的初始质量浓度、停留时间以及相对湿度等工艺参数对邻二甲苯降解的影响,并初步探讨了邻二甲苯的降解产物.实验研究结果表明:在7.0kV的放电极间电压下,邻二甲苯的初始质量浓度为1 500mg/m3,停留时间为9s,其去除率可达到80%以上.降解产物主要为CO2、H2O以及苯甲酸、苯乙酸、苯乙醛等有机物,并且经降解后产物的生物可生化性得到提高,因而为后续的等离子-生物法联合处理VOCs提供了依据.     

2-（4-氯苯氨基）甲基苯酚降解的动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱技术,开展了Fenton试剂对2-（4-氯苯氨基）甲基苯酚（CMP）的氧化降解动力学的研究。考察了初始双氧水摩尔浓度、亚铁离子摩尔浓度和温度等因素对CMP降解速率的影响,结果表明,当双氧水摩尔浓度、亚铁离子摩尔浓度增大和温度升高时,CMP的氧化速率明显加快。在30~45℃的温度范围内,其氧化降解符合假一级反应动力学模型,反应的表观活化能Ea为102.90kJ/mol。     

Degradability and biocompatibility of bioglass/poly(amino acid) composites with different surface bioactivity as bone repair materials

Bioglass (BG) possesses excellent bioactivity and has been widely used in the manufacture of biomaterials. In this study, a composite with different surface bioactivity was fabricated via in situ melting polymerization by incorporating BG and poly(amino acid) (PAA) at a suitable ratio. The structure of the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XRD. The compressive strength of the BG/PAA composites was 139 MPa (BG:PAA = 30:70). The BG/PAA composites were degradable, and higher BG in composite showed higher weight loss after 4 weeks of incubation in simulated body fluid. In addition, the BG/PAA composite maintained adequate residual compressive strength during the degradation period. The SEM results showed the differences in surface bioactivities of the composites directly, and 30BG/PAA composite showed thicker apatite layer and higher Ca/p than 15BG/PAA. in vitro MG-63 cell culture experiments showed that the composite was noncytotoxic and thus allows cells to adhere, proliferate, and differentiate. This indicates that the composite has good biocompatibility. The implantations in the bone defects of rabbits for 4 and 12 weeks were studied. The composites had good biocompatibility and were capable of guiding new bone formation without causing any inflammation. The composite may be successfully used in the development of bone implants.     

Effect of pressure on three catalytic partial oxidation reactions at millisecond contact times

The effects of pressure on reactant conversion and product selectivities in three catalytic oxidation systems have been examined at pressures between 1 and > 5 atm. Reaction was sustained autothermally near adiabatic operating conditions at temperatures of 1000°C with residence times over the noble metal catalysts between 10^–4 and 10^–2 s. The three systems investigated were (1) HCN synthesis over Pt-10% Rh gauze catalysts, (2) methane oxidation to synthesis gas (CO and H₂) over rhodium-coated monoliths, and (3) ethane conversion to ethylene over platinum-coated monoliths. We find that selectivities in all three reactions do not change dramatically with approximately a five-fold increase in pressure. This strongly suggests that free radical homogeneous chain reactions are not significant in these processes and that they can be operated reliably above atmospheric pressure. For the synthesis of HCN over Pt-10% Rh gauzes, the selectivity to HCN can be maintained above 0.75 at pressures up to 5.5 atm. Selectivities to synthesis gas (CO and H₂) from a methane-air mixture over a Rh-coated foam monolith at pressures up to 5.5 atm were maintained above 0.90. Over a Pt-coated foam monolith, the selectivity to ethylene from ethane-air and ethane-O₂ mixtures was independent of pressure up to 6.5 atm and conversion rose slightly although it was necessary to maintain constant velocity and residence time over the catalyst to avoid carbon formation.This research was supported by DOE under Grant No. DE-FG02-88ER13878.     

响应面法微波降解EGCG制备EGC研究

目的 为探究微波降解EGCG方法制备EGC的效果,以EGC得率最大化为目标,探究微波降解的最佳工艺参数,并建立反映各参数间关系的二次多元方程模型。方法 本研究采用EGCG溶液为原料,运用微波加热降解EGCG制备EGC,通过梯度设置EGCG浓度、微波时长、微波强度三个工艺参数,进行单因素实验、响应面分析及最佳工艺组合验证实验,优化确定EGCG微波降解制备EGC的最佳工艺参数。结果 综合单因素实验及响应面分析,得到的最佳微波降解参数为：EGCG浓度5mg/ml、微波时长3.5min、微波强度为400W,且利用响应面法建立了EGC得率(Y)与EGCG浓度(A)、微波时长(B)、微波强度(C)的二次多元方程模型：Y=59.52+8.38*A+5.38*B+3.53*C-4.04*AB+6.92*AC-9.19*BC-9.99A2⁺0.0786*B2^-15.36*C2^,模型中,EGC得率最高可达62.08%。对最佳微波降解工艺参数进行验证实验,EGC得率为63.40%,与模型预测值接近。结论 运用微波降解EGCG制备EGC具有操作简单,可行性高的优势,且EGC得率稳定性高。     

车用尾气催化转化器结构的计算辅助设计与分析系统

采用ＡｕｔｏＬＩＳＰ语言,编制了运行于ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ平台上的车用尾催化转化器结构的计算辅助设计与分析系统。该系统结合了参数化设计与性能分析功能,并采用对话框驱动执行的方式,使系统的使用具有直观、方便的特点,可为车用尾气催化转化器的研制工作提供有益帮助。,