商业牌匾色彩设计刍议

商业牌匾是商业信息的广告形式,它通过巧取文学作品、凭借商联文学、援引成语典故、仰仗名人题字、采摘宗教词语、显示店家诚信等方式负载着厚重的民族商业思想,折射出传统的文化色彩.通过优劣商业牌匾的对比分析,说明优秀的商业牌匾必须重视色彩的搭配、色调的运用,与周围环境协调统一,具有美感.     

基于PACT-P原理的煤矿电脑人机界面设计

煤炭资源是国民经济的基础能源,在国家经济发展和社会进步中发挥着重大作用。随着科技的进步,信息传播速度和人们生活水平及工作节奏的加快,煤矿电脑的价值不断突显,它可以随时随地的帮助人们接受信息,未来更好的方便用户使用。通过一些知名品牌的平板电脑的界面设计案例,详细分析了煤矿平板电脑人机界面的交互问题,力图为使用者感受到最佳的用户体验寻求相应的解决方法。     

Evaluation of Chlorpheniramine Maleate microparticles in orally disintegrating film and orally disintegrating tablet for pediatrics

Objective: To mask the bitterness of Chlorpheniramine Maleate via encapsulating drug into Eudragit EPO microparticles, and then incorporate these microparticles into orally disintegrating films (ODF) and orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) for pediatric uses.

Methods: Spray drying of water-in-oil emulsion was utilized to encapsulate Chlorpheniramine Maleate into Eudragit EPO microparticles. Based on an orthogonal experimental design L₉ (3³), polynomial regression models were developed to evaluate correlation between microparticle properties (encapsulation efficiency and drug release) and variables (X₁: weight ratio of polymer to drug, X₂: volume ratio of oil to water and X₃: Q-flow of spray dryer). ODF and ODT formulations were evaluated including weight variation, content uniformity, tensile strength, disintegration time, friability and dissolution profiles. The bitterness taste test was evaluated in 10 adult volunteers.

Results and discussion: From polynomial regression analysis, the best values of variables leading to the optimized microparticles were X₁?=?10, X₂?=?3 and X₃?=?45. The optimized microparticles were incorporated into ODF and ODT with satisfactory weight and drug content uniformity, and acceptable physical strength. Both dosage forms disintegrated immediately (less than 40?s) in simulated saliva solutions. The outcome of taste-masking test indicated that microparticles alleviated drug bitterness significantly; bitterness was not discernible with microparticles incorporated in ODT, whereas only slight bitterness was detected from microparticles incorporated into ODF.

Conclusion: Both ODF and ODT are shown to be suitable vehicles for taste masked Chlorpheniramine Maleate microparticles with potential for pediatric uses.     

Characteristics of Tableted Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) with Addition of Sodium Starch Glycolate

The focus of this research is to study the characteristics of tablets produced from the binary powder mixture of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) powders. The experimental parameters studied were the compaction pressure and the mass composition. The findings indicated that the increase of compaction pressure increased the tensile strength of tablets until a limiting value was reached. On the other hand, as the compaction pressure increased, the porosity of tablets decreased to a minimum value. The elastic recovery of tablets slightly decreased in some results. The increase in compaction pressure also increased the dissolution time of tablets up to a maximum value. The increase of SSG composition decreased the tensile strength of tablets to a certain amount. The dissolution time of tablets also reduced when the percentage of SSG increased. Subsequently, under the same compaction conditions, the increase of SSG composition increased the porosity and the elastic recovery of tablets until the limiting values were achieved.     

The influence of API concentration on the roller compaction process: modeling and prediction of the post compacted ribbon,granule and tablet properties using multivariate data analysis

Objective: While previous research has demonstrated roller compaction operating parameters strongly influence the properties of the final product, a greater emphasis might be placed on the raw material attributes of the formulation. There were two main objectives to this study. First, to assess the effects of different process variables on the properties of the obtained ribbons and downstream granules produced from the rolled compacted ribbons. Second, was to establish if models obtained with formulations of one active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) could predict the properties of similar formulations in terms of the excipients used, but with a different API.

Materials and methods: Tolmetin and acetaminophen, chosen for their different compaction properties, were roller compacted on Fitzpatrick roller compactor using the same formulation. Models created using tolmetin and tested using acetaminophen. The physical properties of the blends, ribbon, granule and tablet were characterized. Multivariate analysis using partial least squares was used to analyze all data.

Results: Multivariate models showed that the operating parameters and raw material attributes were essential in the prediction of ribbon porosity and post-milled particle size. The post compacted ribbon and granule attributes also significantly contributed to the prediction of the tablet tensile strength.

Conclusions: Models derived using tolmetin could reasonably predict the ribbon porosity of a second API. After further processing, the post-milled ribbon and granules properties, rather than the physical attributes of the formulation were needed to predict downstream tablet properties. An understanding of the percolation threshold of the formulation significantly improved the predictive ability of the models.     

Immediate release of ibuprofen from Fujicalin®-based fast-dissolving self-emulsifying tablets

Background: Drug release from a solid form of self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) has greatly been limited due to strong adsorption and physical interaction with carriers. To facilitate drug release process in the stomach, an acid-soluble powderizing carrier, Fujicalin^® was evaluated together with different disintegrants and hydrophilic lubricants. Method: Immediate-release self-emulsifying tablets (IR-SETs) of ibuprofen (IBU) was prepared with solidified SEDDS of IBU, various disintegrants, and lubricants, and drug release was evaluated to develop IR-SET that can release IBU with a similar IBU release rate to that obtained with liquid SEDDS. Results: The liquid SEDDS consisted of Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, Labrasol, and IBU at a ratio of 3:4:3:3, and was solidified with various adsorbents. The powderized SEDDS was tabletted by a direct compression. Fujicalin^®-based SEDDS tablets demonstrated remarkably higher dissolution rate of IBU compared with Neusilin^® and Neosyl^®-based SEDDS tablets. The IR-SET formula of IBU prepared with Fujicalin^® as an adsorbent, Polyplasdone^® as a disintegrant, and sodium bicarbonate as a co-disintegrant showed over 90% of initially loaded dose of IBU released within 5?min in a stimulated gastric juice (pH 1.2), exhibiting almost equivalent rate of IBU release to that shown by liquid SEDDS. The particle size analysis revealed no significant differences in droplet sizes of the microemulsions formed from liquid (116?nm) and IR-SET (110?nm). Conclusion: The novel IR-SET can be promising as a fast-releasing SEDDS tablet of IBU for fast onset of action.     

Possible Mechanism for Drug Retardation from Glyceryl Monostearate Matrix System

Lipophilicity was evaluated as a possible mechanism for drug retardation from a glyceryl monostearate matrix system. Lipophilicity of the glyceryl monostearate matrix system was studied using contact angle measurement of water droplets on the surface of compressed disks, extrudate ascension of water, and movement of water through a powder mixture packed in a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) column. Increase in glyceryl monostearate content resulted in an increase in water droplet contact angle, decrease in the rate of water ascending the extrudate, and increase in the pressure values as a function of flow rate of water moving through the powder mixture. These could be due to the increase in lipophilicity of the matrix, rendering the matrix less wettable. As a result, the rate of water penetration into the matrix decreased, and the drug release could be sustained.     

Investigations of a Novel Self-Emulsifying Osmotic Pump Tablet Containing Carvedilol

Carvedilol has been made into a novel osmotic pump tablet which includes Gelucire 44/14, Lutrol F68, Transcutol P, silicon dioxide, mannitol, citric acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. The Self-emulsifying osmotic pump tablet (SEOPT) has two outstanding features. It could improve the bioavailability of carvedilol by self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), control the release rate and make the plasma concentrations more stable by elementary osmotic pump tablet. The results of transmission electron microscope (TEM) and particle size assessment showed that the shape of the resultant emulsion was round and regular, the average diameter of the particles was 246 nm. Since the solubility of carvedilol was improved by the emulsion, the elementary SEOPT could guarantee a complete release of carvedilol under the osmotic pressure of mannitol. The cumulative release at 12 hr was 85.18%. Therefore the disadvantage that lipophilic drugs can not be released completely when prepared into elementary osmotic pump tablet was resolved. The results of Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffraction diffraction (XRD) proved that carvedilol was amorphous in the preparation. The relative bioavailability of carvedilol in beagle dogs was 156.78%. The plasma concentrations were more stable compared with that of commercially available tablet (Luode®). And the in vitro and in vivo correlation was good (r = 0.9725). Therefore, the elementary SEOPT developed in this paper might provide a new idea for preparing lipophilic drugs into osmotic pump tablet conveniently.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of controlled-release matrix tablets of highly water-soluble drug applying different mw polyethylene oxides (PEO) as retardants

The aim of the work presented is to prepare a controlled-release hydrophilic matrix tablet (CMT) controlling release of highly water-soluble drug applying pure combination of high- and low-Mw PEO as matrix materials, to avoid the lag time of drug release, and to overcome incomplete release in later stages. The influences of types and amounts of different Mw PEOs used, drug loading, pH of release medium and agitation rate on drug release were evaluated. The study of uptake and erosion of matrix was conducted and mechanism of improving drug release was discussed. In vivo pharmacokinetics of the CMT and reference preparation self-made controlled-release osmotic pump tablets (COPT) were performed in beagle dogs. The optimized formulation containing 43% PEO WSR 303 and 32% PEO N750 showed a zero order release from 1?h to 12?h. In vivo results demonstrated that the CMT had similar AUC_0-48?h and C_max with the COPT but smaller T_max than the COPT and provided a more stable therapeutic concentration compared to the COPT. In conclusion, hydrophilic matrix tablet combining only different Mw PEOs as matrix materials had very good potential to be developed into a controlled-release drug delivery system for highly water-soluble drug. Besides, its manufacturing processes were succinct which would be preferable for modern medicine industry.     

Preparation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets of taste masked phencynonate HCl using ion-exchange resin

This study was intended to design an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulation that can mask the extremely bitter and metallic taste of phencynonate HCl by novel ion-exchange resins. The drug–resin complexes (DRCs) were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. In vitro properties (dissolution, wetting time and disintegration time) and in vivo behavior (disintegration time and taste-masking effect) in healthy volunteers of the prepared ODTs were also investigated. The drug was changed from the crystal structure to the amorphous form in the DRC. Compared with commercial tablets, the in vitro and in vivo disintegration of optimized DRC-loaded ODTs with a drug-resin ratio of 1:1 was greatly improved and better palatability with a low bitterness index (0.33) was obtained. The current DRC-loaded ODT could promise a good way to mask the unpleasant taste of certain drugs and accordingly improve the patient compliance.