High temperature corrosion mechanisms and effect of alloying elements for materials used in waste incineration environment

Corrosion products on two typical materials, SA213-T12 steel and alloy 625 exposed to the actual combustion gas, were analyzed in addition to laboratory tests for penetration of corrosive matter. It has been clarified that corrosion products of oxides containing a little chlorides and sulphides show lamellar structures and that at the alloy-scale interface, chlorination, sulphidation, and oxidation occur under a low P_O2-high P_Cl2 condition. The formation of scale structures and the effect of corrosion-resistant alloying elements can be explained according to the stability tendencies of metals, chlorides, and oxides in the M-Cl-O equilibrium diagrams. The severity of corrosion environments at the interface is influenced by the penetration extent of corrosive matters through deposits and scales, and the protective effects of oxide films derived from alloying elements play an important role in preventing the corrosion. On the other hand, it has been shown that thermal fluctuation characterized in this kind of environment makes the lamellar scale structures and sometimes breaks and peels off the scale, and thus accelerates the corrosion. On the basis of the above mentioned knowledge, a new corrosion model is presented.     

Effects of electrical discharge surface modification of superalloy Haynes 230 with aluminum and molybdenum on oxidation behavior

The effects of the electrical discharge alloying (EDA) process on improving the high temperature oxidation resistance of the Ni-based superalloy Haynes 230 have been investigated. The 85 at.% Al and 15 at.% Mo composite electrode provided the surface alloying materials. An Al-rich layer is produced on the surface of the EDA specimen alloyed with positive electrode polarity, whereas, many discontinuous piled layers are attached to the surface of the EDA superalloy when negative electrode polarity is selected. The oxidation resistance of the specimen alloyed with positive electrode polarity is better than that of the unalloyed superalloy, and the effective temperature of oxidation resistance of the alloyed layer can be achieved to 1100 °C. Conversely, the oxidation resistance of the other EDA specimen alloyed with negative electrode polarity is even worse than that of the unalloyed superalloy.     

Research on graphite powders used for HTR-PM fuel elements

Different batches of natural graphite powders and electrographite powders were characterized by impurity, degree of graphitization, particle size distribution, specific surface area, and shape characteristics. The graphite balls consist of proper mix-ratio of natural graphite, electrographite and phenolic resin were manufactured and characterized by thermal conductivity, anisotropy of thermal expansion, crush strength, and drop strength. Results show that some types of graphite powders possess very high purity, degree of graphitization, and sound size distribution and apparent density, which can serve for matrix graphite of HTR-PM. The graphite balls manufactured with reasonable mix-ratio of graphite powders and process method show very good properties. It is indicated that the properties of graphite balls can meet the design criterion of HTR-PM. We can provide a powerful candidate material for the future manufacture of HTR-PM fuel elements.     

离散Walsh变换在超声治疗无损测温中的应用

利用高强度聚焦超声对新鲜的离体猪肉进行辐射,并通过B超获取辐射前后的超声图像。采用二维离散Walsh变换法,从辐射前后的超声图像的差图像中分离出低频分量,作为反映温度信息的参数。选取确定系数作为衡量误差的参数,通过曲线拟合,发现二维离散Walsh变换直流分量与温度呈近似线性关系,且多组数据的斜率非常接近,与传统的灰度均值测温法相比,实验结果表明,该方法误差更小,温度分辨率更高,使用正交矩阵变换,符合计算机语言的逻辑,仿真检测时间较短,在实际应用中能为超声无损测温提供准确可靠的依据。     

气候环境实验室建模及温度控制系统仿真

气候环境实验室是一个复杂的热力系统,室内温度参数受多种因素的影响.通过分析气候环境实验室仓体、空调系统热交换器、温度传感器和调节阀的特性,推导出它们的传递函数,利用Matlab/Simu-link建立环境室温度控制系统的模型,根据临界比例度法整定PID参数,并对常规PID控制器和积分分离PID控制器的控制效果进行仿真比较.仿真结果表明该模型和温度控制系统在理论研究和工程实践中具有实际的指导意义和应用价值.     

分布式光纤测温技术在冻结修复工程中的应用

针对采用冻结法进行成井井壁修复工程的特殊性,在进行常规水文孔、测温孔监测的同时,增加新型检测手段,利用分布式光纤测温技术检测每个冻结器的纵向温度,通过数据分析,为指导冻结施工安全顺利进行提供依据。详细介绍了修复工程的概况和分布式光纤测温系统的原理、组成、检测方法及测温光缆结构。给出了现场实测数据,与常规测温孔数据相比,数据量大,能全面、直观地反映冻结壁实际发展状况。系统结构简单,机动灵活,检测方法具有一定的推广价值。     

660MW超临界机组协调及汽温优化控制策略及应用

针对大唐南京发电厂660MW超临界机组存在负荷调节能力不理想、汽压汽温等关键参数波动大及系统不能很好适应煤种变化等实际问题,通过采用预测控制、神经网络等先进控制技术,提出了解决上述各类问题的协调和汽温优化控制策略,实际应用表明,先进的优化控制系统有效提高了机组负荷的调节性能,有效减小了关键参数的波动,提高了机组的运行稳定性。     

介观模拟研究温度对DPPC磷脂双层膜结构的影响

生物膜作为生物体的一种基本组成单元,在各种生命活动中占据重要地位。生物膜的结构和功能的稳定性是其发挥一切生理功能的前提。本文以DPPC磷脂双分子层为生物膜模型,采用基于Martini力场的粗粒化模拟方法,考察了温度对DPPC磷脂双层膜结构、形态和功能的影响。结果表明,315 K为DPPC磷脂双层膜的相转变温度;温度升高,DPPC分子间隙增加,尾链发生折叠弯曲,引起脂均面积增大,厚度减小,流动性增加;DPPC双层膜中甘油酯基团组成的栅栏区为膜中分子排列最有序的区域,也是阻碍小分子透膜的主要屏障区。研究结果不仅有助于更好地阐释生物膜的结构形态和功能之间的关系,也有助于理解药物与膜的相互作用,指导临床用药。     

核电站堆芯温度场软测量方法研究

核电站堆芯内部温度是反应堆安全运行的重要参数,由于受到测点安装条件的限制,无法直接测量。为解决该问题,在现有压水堆堆芯功率模型的基础上,结合稳态传热热量守恒方程,构建堆芯温度场的计算模型,推算出堆芯内部温度。并通过数值模拟计算结果与堆芯出口实测值的比较,运用数据不确定度作为判断依据,验证了方法的可行性,得到了堆芯内部不同截面的二维温度分布图,为堆芯内部温度的实时监测提供了理论依据。     

多层薄膜结构中的热应力分析

针对当前无法分析MEMS多层薄膜结构中热应力的现状,通过修正Suhir.E提出的双金属带热应力分布理论,提出了MEMS多层薄膜结构的热应力分布模型,该模型适用于评估MEMS多层结构中热应力分布规律,同时为采取合理措施减小应力提供了理论支持。在温度载荷作用下,多层薄膜结构中将产生正应力、剪应力和剥离应力的作用,应力变化主要集中在界面端处。其中,正应力分布于各层内,随与中心点距离的增大呈指数减小,在端面处急剧减小至最小值;剪应力和剥离应力则主要分布于各层界面上,随与中心点距离的增大呈指数增大,在界面端处达到最大值。最后,开展了由四种材料（玻璃、铬、铜、镍）组成的多层薄膜结构的热力学仿真分析,验证了所建立解析模型的正确性,以及各应力在多层结构中的分布规律。