Evaluating the 1931 CIE color‐matching functions

The use of colorimetry within industry has grown extensively in the last few decades. Central to many of today's instruments is the CIE system, established in 1931. Many have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by Wright¹ and Guild,² some suggesting that the 1931 color‐matching functions are not the best representation of the human visual system's cone responses. A computational analysis was performed using metameric data to evaluate the CIE 1931 color‐matching functions as compared to with other responsivity functions. The underlying assumption was that an optimal set of responsivity functions would yield minimal color‐difference error between pairs of visually matched metamers. The difference of average color differences found in the six chosen sets of responsivity functions was small. The CIE 1931 2° color‐matching functions on average yielded the largest color difference, 4.56 ΔE. The best performance came from the CIE 1964 10° color‐matching functions, which yielded an average color difference of 4.02 ΔE. An optimization was then performed to derive a new set of color‐matching functions that were visually matched using metameric pairs of spectral data. If all pairs were to be optimized to globally minimize the average color difference, it is expected that this would produce an optimal set of responsivity functions. The optimum solution was to use a weighted combination of each set of responsivity functions. The optimized set, called the Shaw and Fairchild responsivity functions, was able to reduce the average color difference to 3.92 ΔE. In the final part of this study a computer‐based simulation of the color differences between the sets of responsivity functions was built. This simulation allowed a user to load a spectral radiance or a spectral reflectance data file and display the tristimulus match predicted by each of the seven sets of responsivity functions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 316–329, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10077     

A new approach for inner-knuckle-print recognition

ObjectiveThis paper proposed a new approach for inner-knuckle-print (IKP) recognition. In traditional IKP recognition systems, the region of interest (ROI) is extracted from the image of the whole hand and the directions of the fingers being imaged are not restricted. The result maybe incorrect because that the shape and surface of the fingers may vary greatly. Moreover, if the direction of the finger being imaged is not restricted, there may be severe rotation transform between intra-class IKPs. To overcome these drawbacks, we develop a new data acquisition scheme as well as an efficient personal authentication algorithm.MethodsThe new scheme is designed to capture the image of the inner surface of the middle knuckles of the middle and ring fingers. The fingers being imaged are kept horizontal with two pegs, so that the rotation angle between different images obtained from the same hand can be minimized. The new personal authentication algorithm consists of the next four steps. Firstly, two regions of interest (ROI), each of which contains the inner surface of a knuckle, are cropped from the original image. Secondly, line features are extracted from the ROIs based on the combination of Gabor filtering and derivative line detection method. Then, binary line images are matched by using a cross-correlation-based method. Finally, the input data is classified through score level fusion.ResultsTo evaluate the proposed IKP recognition system, a finger image database which includes 2000 images from 100 volunteers is established. The images are captured on two separate occasions, at an interval of around two months. Most of the volunteers are not familiar with the image acquisition process. The experimental results show that the proposed system achieves high recognition rate and it works in real time. Moreover, the proposed line feature extraction method outperforms traditional Gabor filter based line detection method and derivative line detection method in accuracy.ConclusionThe proposed IKP system is robust and accurate. It may promote the application and popularization of IKP recognition.     

A quantitative feedback solution to the multivariable tracking error problem

This paper introduces a novel solution for the multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) quantitative feedback theory control design problem with tracking error specifications. Looking for a minimum controller overdesign, the technique finds new controller quantitative feedback theory bounds based on necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of suitable associated prefilter matrix elements. It improves previous approaches to the subject and includes (i) the possibility of a free selection of the nominal plant, (ii) a less conservative application of the Schwartz inequality to decisively reduce the potential controller overdesign, (iii) a methodology to design independently the elements of the prefilter matrix, and (iv) a scope of application to both sequential and nonsequential MIMO controller design methods. The benefits of the new control design technique are illustrated by means of two examples. The first one, a standard 2 × 2 MIMO problem, is provided for comparison purposes with previous approaches. The second example, included as a major control challenge, deals with a well‐known demanding distillation column benchmark problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人力资本约束下区域主导产业选择方法

为了合理的确立区域主导产业,制定符合区域一级发展模式的主导产业选择基准和相应指标,提出了区域主导产业选择的人力资本匹配基准,给出了相应指标的计算方法.实证结果表明:尽管中国的劳动力资源非常丰富,但整体的人力资本水平却依然很低,同时人力资本分配非常不平均,劳动力过剩和人力资本不足的结构性矛盾日益突出.考虑到中国各区域人力资本分配的地域差距,区域一方面应大力进行人力资本积累,改善人力资本现状,另一方面,正视区域人力资本现状的现实,在区域主导产业选择时理性抉择,才能实现人力资本积累与产业结构升级的同步和有效互动.     

异构多核处理器的任务分配及能耗的研究*

异构多核处理器采用不同的任务分配与调度算法,会导致不同的时间消耗与能量消耗,采用合适的任务分配与调度算法能节省较多的能耗。目前普遍认为最有发展前途的任务分配与调度技术是先用启发式方法进行分组,然后再用遗传算法进行调度。在改进任务分组后,又首次提出了用遗传算法解决能耗问题。实验结果表明在实时要求不高的情况下,能以较小的时间代价来节省较多的能耗。     

混合匹配规则的否定选择算法

针对目前基于免疫的检测器生成算法中,匹配规则单一造成的检测器质量低下的问题,提出一种基于混合匹配规则的否定选择算法,采用海明距离整体匹配的各段内R连续比特匹配的否定选择算法,即混合匹配否定选择算法,对算法的性能进行了分析．实验结果表明,该算法能够高效地产生所需要的检测器,提高了检测率,且降低了误报率．     

面向新一代智能电表的微电流指纹自动配对技术

针对智能电表与表后断路器大多依赖人工掌机扫码进行配对,配对过程过度依赖人工,成本高,且容易发生误配对串户等问题,提出了面向新一代智能电表的微电流指纹自动配对技术。该技术通过在蓝牙断路器内置开关电容模块和编码电路,将配对特征码信息调制成无功电流信号,利用电力线传输至智能电表,并与蓝牙断路器广播发送的配对特征码信息进行比对,从而实现智能电表与表后断路器的自动配对。该配对过程无需依赖人工,极大地降低了人工成本,提高了配对的准确性。最后,实验验证了所提的微电流指纹自动配对技术的正确性和有效性。     

基于IMU与激光雷达紧耦合的混合匹配算法

针对线、面特征匹配的激光雷达测距与地图构建算法(Lightweight and Ground-Optimized Lidar Odometry And Mapping,LeGO-LOAM)在自动导引运输车(Automated Guided Vehicle,AGV)室内室外实时建图与定位时,易出现激光里程计累积误差大和旋转估计不准确等问题,本工作采用惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)与激光雷达紧耦合的LeGO-LOAM算法,通过IMU为激光雷达提供的初始位姿信息,构建IMU与激光雷达联合误差函数,实现位姿共同迭代优化.其中,对于室外结构化信息较少时,在点对点的迭代最近点算法(Iterative Closest Point,ICP)较高定位精度的基础上,结合LeGO-LOAM算法和ICP算法互补性,进一步提出基于IMU与激光雷达紧耦合的混合匹配算法:当环境中结构信息较多时,激光里程计采用LeGO-LOAM算法,而当环境中结构化信息较少时采用ICP算法.实验结果表明,基于IMU与激光雷达紧耦合的混合匹配算法可有效降低激光里程计相对位姿误差和累积误差,提高AGV小车定位精度以消除部分地图重影.     

基于动态注意力和多角度匹配的答案选择模型

针对当前主流神经网络在处理答案选择任务时无法同时满足句子的充分表示以及句子间信息充分交互的问题,提出了基于动态注意力和多角度匹配（DAMPM）的答案选择模型。首先,调用预训练语言模型的嵌入（ELMo）获得包含简单语义信息的词向量;接着,在注意力层采用过滤机制有效地去除句子中的噪声,从而更好地得到问句和答案句的句子表征;其次,在匹配层同时引入多种匹配策略来完成句子向量之间的信息交互;然后,利用双向长短期记忆（BiLSTM）网络对匹配层输出的句子向量进行拼接;最后,通过分类器来计算拼接向量的相似度大小,从而得到问句和答案句之间的语义关联。在文本检索会议问答（TRECQA）数据集上的实验结果表明,与基于比较聚合框架的基线模型中的动态滑动注意力网络（DCAN）方法相比,DAMPM在平均准确率均值（MAP）和平均倒数排名（MRR）两个性能指标上均提高了1.6个百分点。在维基百科问答（WikiQA）数据集上的实验结果表明,DAMPM相较DCAN在两个性能指标上分别提高了0.7个百分点和0.8个百分点。所提DAMPM相较于基线模型中的方法整体上有更好的性能表现。