Second generation CIS solar modules

Multinary Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)₂ absorbers (abrev. CIGSSe) are promising candidates for reducing the cost of photovoltaics well below the cost of crystalline silicon. Shell Solar has pioneered production of this new thin film technology and is now with the first generation at a volume of well over 1 MW/year. In a separate pilot line for second generation products we have further improved the performance of CIGSSE based solar modules. We developed a novel CIGSSE formation technique called stacked elemental layer rapid thermal processing (SEL-RTP). This process has recently been scaled up from initial laboratory sized mini-modules (10 × 10 cm²) to full sized power modules of 60 × 90 cm². The present paper concentrates on in situ and ex situ characterization techniques that were developed to control and further improve large area CIGSSE processing. The crystalline thin film formation process has been analyzed with in situ thin film calorimetry and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). That work has added fundamental insights and accelerates the optimization process. The depth distribution of gallium and sulfur has been determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) for different selenization and sulfurization processes. Appropriate profiles of these elements allow for a deliberate bandgap profiling within the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ absorber. In addition further quality control tools like X-ray fluorescence analysis and Raman spectroscopy for stoichiometry monitoring, photoluminescence lifetime mapping and thermographic imaging have been developed in order to improve large area uniformity and reproducibility.

Some first full sized modules from the new pilot line look very promising: Aperture area efficiencies of up to 13.1% for monolithic thin film circuits on 0.54 m² and a module power of 65 W represent an international champion value for large are thin film solar modules.     

The influence of gas radiation on the temperature decrease above a burner with a flat porous inert surface

The influence of the size of the hot gas volume on the temperature decrease due to radiative losses above a burner with a flat porous inert surface has been studied using a 1D and a 2D axisymmetric model. Based on the results of simulations with these models and stimulated by a formulation based on the weighted sum of gray gases model, a simple expression accounting for the effect of the hot gas volume size in 1D simulations is proposed. This model was validated with temperature measurements above a few burners with different sizes and the agreement is satisfactory. It is shown that the optically thin limit is applicable only for very small burners. The uncertainty of the optically thin limit grows with the diameter d of the burner and is already 10% for d=1 cm. On the other hand, a 1D model including self-adsorption is valid only for very large burners. For most applications, detailed computations of the radiative transfer should be applied. For fast computations it is advised that the above-mentioned simple model be used to account for emission and self-absorption.     

SBS母粒法改性沥青的研制及生产

介绍了SBS母粒法改性沥青工业生产及产品性能 ,重点阐述了SBS母粒法改性沥青生产原料、工艺和体系配伍性 ;研究考察了改性沥青的离析性、针入度指数和旋转薄膜烘箱试验后低温延度的影响因素 ;采用优化方案 ,在工业装置生产出符合JTJ0 36— 98标准的成品改性沥青。     

影响薄膜润滑摩擦系数的主要因素

在自制的摩擦试验机上进行了3组长时间的薄膜润滑实验，测量在不同压力、承载面积、转速等实验条件下的摩擦系数。实验结果表明，在轻载条件下，薄膜润滑的摩擦系数受转速、面积的影响显著；而在重载时，转速和面积表现出对摩擦系数的不敏感性。另外，参照薄膜润滑的有序模型，提出了在正常磨损情况下，摩擦系数和油膜厚度之间具有单向的对应关系。     

薄互层储层预测方法

针对松辽盆地葡萄花油层三角洲沉积薄互层储层的特点．研究不同微相的砂岩与测井特征、地震属性的关系．探讨利用沉积微相、波形特征定性预测砂岩储层发育带的技术。利用地震属性预测技术定量预测储层厚度结果表明，本区整个油层砂岩总厚度与地震属性有很高的相关度．厚砂层的颅测符合率较高。     

砂泥岩薄互层分辨率的理论分析

由于原始地震数据频带的限制，难以直接从地震剖面上分辨10m以下的薄层。在薄互层发育的地区，地震分辨率受多种因素的影响。为此，从理论模型出发，分析了子波的类型、频带宽度以及视频率对地震分辨率的影响，并根据东部YTD地区测井数据，计算地震视频率与可分辨厚度之间的关系。通过叠前和叠后井旁地震道的分析，说明了实际数据频带分布限制了薄互层分辨率，给出了在资料处理中针对提高分辨率这一问题应采取的措施。本研究的目的是使处理人员认识薄互层的地震响应及变化规律，以便采用适当的手段最佳地体现薄互层的反射特征，为薄互层的资料解释提供依据。     

纳米TiO2薄膜制备技术研究进展

对纳米TiO2薄膜的各种制备技术,包括基于溶胶一凝胶的涂层技术、电沉积、化学气相沉积、物理气相沉积、自组装制膜等技术的研究进展进行了综述。并对纳米TiO2薄膜制备的研究方向提出建议。     

侧向测井曲线分辨率匹配方法及其在松辽盆地的应用

对于松辽盆地中的一些较薄的致密砂岩储层,常规测井曲线,尤其是电阻率测井曲线,因为它们的纵向分辨率较低,往往会降低薄储层含油饱和度的计算精度。为此,探讨了应用“分辨率匹配”方法,将低分辨率的曲线提高为具有较高分辨率的曲线。并利用地层界面处的测井曲线变化率来提取实际的综合响应函数,而不是直接使用测井仪器的响应函数,因此使提高分辨率的处理更符合实际。最后给出了将深浅侧向电阻率测井曲线的分辨率提高到微球形聚焦测井分辨率的应用实例。     

超薄层电阻率测井(TBRt)的评价方法及应用

薄层评价要求测量电阻率的仪器具有足够的垂向分辨率和足够的径向探测深度.常规仪器中这二者常是相互制约的.新研制的5700测井系列的薄层电阻率(TBRt)测井仪测井能同时满足这2方面的要求,提供完全不受围岩影响包括薄层在内的可信赖的地层电阻率.通过河南油田的应用实例,阐述了TBRt测井仪器的基本原理和响应特征(垂向分辨率和径向探测深度).     

巨型薄壁水电站输水钢管抗外压失稳性能分析

将加劲巨型输水钢管分为管身段和加劲环管段，分析了随着钢管的巨型超薄化，其抗外压失稳性能的骤减特征，揭示了加劲环的型式、尺寸、布置间距及材料性能等因素对其抗外压失稳能力的影响，给出了加劲环的合理形式、尺寸及布置间距。