Water removal characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cells using a dry gas purging method

Water removal from proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is of great importance to improve start-up ability and mitigate cell degradation when the fuel cell operates at subfreezing temperatures. In this study, we report water removal characteristics under various shut down conditions including a dry gas-purging step. In order to estimate the dehydration level of the electrolyte membrane, the high frequency resistance of the fuel cell stack was observed. Also, a novel method for measuring the amount of residual water in the fuel cell was developed to determine the amount of water removal. The method used the phase change of liquid water and was successfully applied to examine the water removal characteristics. Based on these works, the effects of several parameters such as purging time, flow rate of purging gas, operation current, and stack temperature on the amount of residual water were investigated.     

Thermodynamic optimization for work-assisted heating and drying operations

We construct thermodynamic criteria for optimization of sequential work-assisted heating and drying operations which run jointly with ‘endoreversible’ thermal machines. The total power input is minimized with constraints which take into account the dynamics of heat and mass transport and rate of work consumption. Finite-rate, endoreversible models include the irreducible losses of classical exergy potential caused by the thermal resistances. Extremum performance functions for optimal work, which incorporate residual entropy production, are formulated in terms of end states, duration and (in discrete processes) number of stages. Formal analogies between entropy production expressions for work-assisted and conventional drying operations help formulate optimization models of the former. An optimization procedure for a two-stage drying operation with an endoreversible heat pump at each stage is outlined.     

An examination of exergy destruction in organic Rankine cycles

The exergy topological method is used to present a quantitative estimation of the exergy destroyed in an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) operating on R113. A detailed roadmap of exergy flow is presented using an exergy wheel, and this visual representation clearly depicts the exergy accounting associated with each thermodynamic process. The analysis indicates that the evaporator accounts for maximum exergy destroyed in the ORC and the process responsible for this is the heat transfer across a finite temperature difference. In addition, the results confirm the thermodynamic superiority of the regenerative ORC over the basic ORC since regenerative heating helps offset a significant amount of exergy destroyed in the evaporator, thereby resulting in a thermodynamically more efficient process. Parameters such as thermodynamic influence coefficient and degree of thermodynamic perfection are identified as useful design metrics to assist exergy‐based design of devices. This paper also examines the impact of operating parameters such as evaporator pressure and inlet temperature of the hot gases entering the evaporator on ORC performance. It is shown that exergy destruction decreases with increasing evaporator pressure and decreasing turbine inlet temperatures. Finally, the analysis reveals the potential of the exergy topological methodology as a robust technique to identify the magnitude of irreversibilities associated with real thermodynamic processes in practical thermal systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小型吸收式制冷热虹吸泵的正交试验设计

热虹吸泵是小型无泵溴化锂吸收式制冷机的核心部件,对制冷机的运行及工作性能起关键影响。本文根据溴化锂吸收式制冷循环的设计要求,以热虹吸泵理论模型和性能模拟结果为指导,进行了热虹吸泵沿程加热可视化试验装置的方案设计和部件设计,搭建并调试成功试验装置。采用正交试验法研究加热量、系统压力和沉浸比等因素对热虹吸泵提升性能的影响,分析得知,对于热虹吸泵提升性能影响最大的因素是加热量,次要影响因素是系统压力,沉浸比对其影响最小。     

冻融循环下BFRP筋与混凝土黏结强度试验研究

为了研究冻融循环作用下BFRP筋与混凝土黏结强度,对不同冻融次数（0、10、20、40次）和不同混凝土强度等级（C30、C35、C40）共36个试件进行冻融循环试验和中心拉拔试验。试验结果表明:未经冻融循环的试件和冻融循环40次（C30）试件发生拔出破坏,其余冻融试件均发生劈裂破坏;随着混凝土强度等级提高,脱胶强度和黏结强度逐渐增加;随着冻融循环次数增加,BFRP筋与混凝土的黏结强度和峰值滑移呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,而脱胶强度随冻融循环次数增加逐渐减小。     

氨基改性蠕虫型介孔SiO_2吸附CO_2性能的研究

采用D2000为模板剂,TEOS为硅源,在中性的条件下合成了具有较大孔径的蠕虫型介孔SiO2(MSU-J),并采用四乙烯五胺(TEPA)通过物理浸渍的方法制备不同质量分数的TEPA改性的MSU-J,得到具有高吸附量的CO2吸附剂。利用FT-IR,N2吸附/脱附及TG对所制备的样品进行表征。CO2的吸附试验是在不同氨基质量分数(20%,30%,50%,70%)以及不同温度下测试。吸附实验表明,浸渍TEPA后,吸附剂由单纯的物理吸附转变为以氨基为活性中心的化学吸附,且随着TEPA浸渍含量的增加吸附量先增加后降低,当TEPA负载量(质量分数)为50%时,吸附量可达到164.3 mg/g。温度对吸附剂的吸附性能也有一定的影响,最佳的吸附温度为25℃,这与吸附机理有关,随着温度的升高,反应向解吸附方向移动。循环性试验表明,所制备的吸附剂具有良好的循环性能,材料重复使用6次,对CO2吸附性能只有少量的下降,这可能是由于TEPA的挥发或者部分分解引起的。     

冻融后花岗岩孔隙发育特征与单轴抗压强度的关联分析

为了研究冻融后岩石的孔隙特征与力学性质之间的关系,对冻融后的花岗岩进行了核磁共振测试和力学试验,分别分析了NMR孔隙度和谱面积与单轴抗压强度之间的关系,并将岩石核磁共振成像结果与力学破坏特性进行了关联分析。研究结果表明：孔隙的发育程度对岩石的力学损伤有重要的影响,岩石的NMR孔隙度和谱面积与单轴抗压强度之间的关系式均为指数分布,岩石内部的孔隙分布情况与其力学性质和宏观破坏特征之间存在一定的联系;采用分形理论对冻融后花岗岩的孔隙发育特征进行了描述,得出了冻融花岗岩孔隙发育的分形维数。分析表明,冻融作用下岩体内的裂隙产生及其演化具有自相似性,分形维数值越大,孔隙越发育,其单轴抗压强度就越小。     

防冻剂对掺减水剂煤矸石混凝土抗冻性能研究

为探究防冻剂对掺减水剂自燃煤矸石混凝土的抗冻工作性能影响,考虑不同掺量4种防冻剂、不同掺量减水剂和不同冻融介质等因素进行坍落度与冻融试验,分析其坍落度和抗冻融破坏等情况.结果表明:通过拟合分析出防冻剂与减水剂对煤矸石混凝土拌合物坍落度影响为二次函数关系,掺无机盐防冻剂对其减水剂作用无显著影响,乙二醇对掺减水剂混凝土坍落度有负作用;随无机盐防冻剂掺量增加,劣化煤矸石混凝土抗冻性能显著性逐渐增强,但硝酸钙劣化程度较轻.乙二醇在较低掺量0～1.0％范围,使其抗冻融破坏能力得到提升,提升空间为10％～30％;无机盐防冻剂对其盐冻融剥蚀性能随掺量增加而降低,小掺量乙二醇增强其抗盐冻性能,其抗剥蚀能力显著性表现为乙二醇＞硝酸钙＞氯化钙＞亚硝酸钙.     

水泥基材料超低温冻融循环试验研究

利用液氮作为环境介质进行超低温冻融循环试验,研究了超低温对水泥基材料抗冻性能的影响。观测冻融循环前后试件外观、质量和强度等宏观性能变化,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析水泥基材料冻融循环前后微观结构变化。试验结果表明:在超低温条件下,混凝土的抗冻性能明显强于砂浆,且随混凝土强度提高其抗冻性能呈增长趋势;SEM分析结果表明超低温冻融循环后泡水融化试件结构内存在明显缺陷;超低温冻融循环试验可以加速水泥基材料破坏进程,明显减少试验周期,能相对较快的评价出水泥基材料的抗冻性能。     

Sources and temporal dynamics of arsenic in a New Jersey watershed, USA

We examined potential sources and the temporal dynamics of arsenic (As) in the slightly alkaline waters of the Wallkill River, northwestern New Jersey, where violations of water-quality standards have occurred. The study design included synoptic sampling of stream water and bed sediments in tributaries and the mainstem, hyporheic-zone/ground water on the mainstem, and seasonal and diurnal sampling of water at selected mainstem sites. The river valley is bordered by gneiss and granite highlands and shale lowlands and underlain by glacial deposits over faulted dolomites and the Franklin Marble. Ore bodies in the Marble, which have been mined for rare Zn ore minerals, also contain As minerals. Tributaries, which drain predominantly forested and agricultural land, contributed relatively little As to the river. The highest concentrations of As (up to 34 mug/L) emanated from the outlet of man-made Lake Mohawk at the river's headwaters; these inputs varied substantially with season--high during warm months, low during cold months, apparently because of biological activity in the lake. Dissolved As concentrations were lower (3.3 microg/L) in river water than those in ground water discharging into the riverbed (22 microg/L) near the now-closed Franklin Mine. High total As concentrations (100-190 mg/kg) on the <0.63 microm fraction of bed sediments near the mine apparently result from sorption of the As in the ground-water discharge as well as from the As minerals in the streambed. As concentrations in river water were diluted during high stream flow in fall, winter and spring, and concentrated during low flow in summer. In unfiltered samples from a wetlands site, diurnal cycles in trace-element concentrations occurred; As concentrations appeared to peak during late afternoon as pH increased, but Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations peaked shortly after midnight. The temporal variability of As and its presence at elevated concentrations in ground water and sediments as well as streamwater demonstrate the importance of (1) sampling a variety of media and (2) determining the time scales of As variability to fully characterize its passage through a river system.